Chapter 5 - Inflammation and Healing Flashcards
abscess
a swollen area within body tissue, containing an accumulation of pus
adhesions
bands of scar tissue joining two surfaces that are normally separated; they prevent normal movement of the structures and may eventually cause distortion or twisting of the tissue
angiogenesis
the physiological process through which new blood vessels form from pre-existing vessels
chemical mediators
a nonspecific term for a chemical agent which carries out a process or reaction
chemotaxis
the movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus
contracture
a permanent shortening of a muscle or joint
diapedesis
the passage of blood cells through the intact walls of the capillaries, typically accompanying inflammation
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
a type of blood test that measures how quickly erythrocytes (red blood cells) settle at the bottom of a test tube that contains a blood sample
exudate
a fluid emitted by an organism through pores or a wound, a process known as exuding or exudation
fibrinogen
a glycoprotein complex, made in the liver, that circulates in the blood of all vertebrates
fibroblast
a cell in connective tissue which produces collagen and other fibers
glucocorticoids
any of a group of steroid hormones produced in the adrenal cortex or made synthetically. There are two kinds: glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids. They have various metabolic functions and some are used to treat inflammation
granulation tissue
new connective tissue and microscopic blood vessels that form on the surfaces of a wound during the healing process
granuloma
a small mass of cells with a necrotic center and covered by connective tissue; it may develop around a foreign object such as a splinter or as part of the immune response in some infections such as tuberculosis
interferons
a protein released by animal cells, usually in response to the entry of a virus, which has the property of inhibiting virus replication
isoenzymes
also called isozymes; enzymes that differ in amino acid sequence but catalyze the same chemical reaction
leukocyte
a colorless cell that circulates in the blood and body fluids and is involved in counteracting foreign substances and disease; also called a white (blood) cell
leukocytosis
A condition characterized by increased levels of leukocytes in the blood. Although this typically occurs when you’re sick, it can also be caused by several other factors, such as stress.
macrophage
active in phagocytosis; these are mature monocytes that have migrated into tissues from the blood
malaise
a general feeling of discomfort, illness, or uneasiness whose exact cause is difficult to identify
neutrophil
The most abundant type of granulocytes; they make up 40% to 70% of all white blood cells in humans. They form an essential part of the innate immune system, with their functions varying in different animals
glucocorticoids
any of a group of corticosteroids which are involved in the metabolism of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats and have anti-inflammatory activity
phagocytosis
the ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes and amoeboid protozoans
purulent
consisting of, containing, or discharging pus
pyrexia
raised body temperature; fever
pyrogens
a substance, typically produced by a bacterium, which produces fever when introduced or released into the blood
stenosis
a narrowing or constriction of the diameter of a bodily passage or orifice
ulcer
a sore on the lining of your stomach, small intestine or esophagus
vasodilation
the dilatation of blood vessels, which decreases blood pressure
First Line of Defense (against injury)
a mechanical barrier such as skin or mucous membrane that blocks entry of bacteria or harmful substances into the tissues, as well as body secretions such as saliva or tears that contain enzymes or chemicals that inactivate or destroy potentially damaging material
Second Line of Defense (against injury)
the nonspecific processes of phagocytosis and inflammation; phagocytosis eats harmful materials and inflammation is designed to limit the harm
Third Line of Defense (against injury)
protection provided by stimulating the production of unique antibodies or sensitized lymphocytes following exposure to specific substances
granulocytes
a white blood cell with secretory granules in its cytoplasm (i.e. a neutrophil, basophil, or eosinophil)
precapillary sphincters
a band of contractile mural cells either classified as smooth muscle or pericytes that adjusts blood flow into capillaries
mural cells
the vascular smooth muscle cells, and pericytes, of the microcirculation
pericytes
vascular mural cells embedded in the basement membrane of blood microvessels
microcirculation
the part of the vascular system that consists of the small vessels (arterioles, capillaries, and venules)
inflammation
a normal defense mechanism in the body, intended to localize and remove an injurious agent; it is characterized by pain, redness, or swelling
caustic
(1) able to burn or corrode organic tissue by chemical action
(2) sarcastic in a scathing and bitter way
scathing
witheringly scornful; severely critical
mast cell
a cell filled with basophil granules, found in numbers in connective tissue and releasing histamine and other substances during inflammatory and allergic reactions
basophil
a type of white blood cell, involved in the release of histamine leading to inflammation
dilation
the act or action of enlarging, expanding, or widening
hyperemia
an excess of blood in the vessels supplying an organ or other part of the body
monocytes
a large phagocytic white blood cell with a simple oval nucleus and clear, grayish cytoplasm
lymphocyte
A type of white blood cell in the immune system of jawed vertebrates. Lymphocytes include natural killer cells, T cells, and B cells.
eosinophils
a white blood cell containing granules that are readily stained by eosin
eosin
a red fluorescent dye that is a bromine derivative of fluorescein, or one of its salts or other derivatives
bromine
the chemical element of atomic number 35, a dark red fuming toxic liquid with a choking, irritating smell
fluorescein
an orange dye with a yellowish-green fluorescence
fluorescence
the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation
rubor
redness of the skin (as from inflammation)
erythema
superficial reddening of the skin, usually in patches, as a result of injury or irritation causing dilatation of the blood capillaries
dilatation
the action of dilating a vessel or opening or the process of becoming dilated.
bradykinin
a compound released in the blood in some circumstances that causes contraction of smooth muscle and dilation of blood vessels; it is involved in inflammation
pus
a thick yellowish or greenish opaque liquid produced in infected tissue, consisting of dead white blood cells and bacteria with tissue debris and serum
serum
an amber-colored, protein-rich liquid that separates out when blood coagulates
granule
a small compact particle of a substance
mineralocorticoids
a corticosteroid, such as aldosterone, that is involved with maintaining the salt balance in the body
amoeba
a single-celled animal that catches food and moves about by extending fingerlike projections of protoplasm
protoplasm
the colorless material comprising the living part of a cell, including the cytoplasm, nucleus, and other organelles
protozoa
an informal term for a group of single-celled eukaryotes, either free-living or parasitic, that feed on organic matter such as other microorganisms or organic tissues and debris
eukaryotes
organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within a nuclear envelope
tissue engineering
the search for new methods of replacing damaged tissue where regeneration is not possible—for example, extensive burns, deep ulcers, or cardiac muscle death
edematous
relating to or affected with edema; abnormally swollen
eschar
a dry, dark scab or falling away of dead skin, typically caused by a burn, or by the bite of a mite, or as a result of anthrax infection
anthrax
a serious infectious disease caused by gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria known as Bacillus anthracis
Gram stain
also called Gram staining or Gram’s method; a method of staining used to distinguish and classify bacterial species into two large groups: gram-positive bacteria (turn purple after use a special dye) and gram-negative bacteria (do not turn purple after using a special dye)
hemoconcentration
increased concentration of cells and solids in the blood usually resulting from loss of fluid to the tissues
hypermetabolism
an elevated resting energy expenditure
hematopoiesis
the production of blood cells in bone marrow
hypoalbuminemia
a deficit of albumin in the blood, more often seen in elderly patients
albumin
A protein that is produced in the liver. Albumin enters the bloodstream where it helps carry vitamins, enzymes, and other important substances. Albumin also helps prevent fluids from leaking out of the bloodstream.
corticosteroids
often known as steroids, they are an anti-inflammatory medicine prescribed for a wide range of conditions and are also produced in the adrenal cortex of vertebrates
