Chapter 10 - Blood and Circulatory System Disorders Flashcards
blood
the red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of humans and other vertebrate animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body
arterioles
the smaller branches of arteries that control the amount of blood flowing into the capillaries in specific areas through the degree of contraction of smooth muscle in the vessel walls (vasoconstriction or dilation)
venule
a small vein, especially: any of the minute veins connecting the capillaries with the larger systemic veins
vasa vasorum
a network of small blood vessels that supply large blood vessels
autoregulation
(1) the maintenance of relative constancy of a physiological process by a bodily part or system under varying conditions (i.e. homeostasis)
(2) the maintenance of a constant supply of blood to an organ in spite of varying arterial pressure
platelet
also called thrombocytes; a minute colorless disk-like body of mammalian blood that assists in blood clotting by adhering to other platelets and to damaged epithelium
dyscrasia
a nonspecific term that refers to a disease or disorder, especially of the blood
erythropoietin (EPO)
a hormone produced primarily by the kidneys, with small amounts made by the liver. EPO plays a key role in the production of red blood cells
hemochromatosis
A genetic disorder, otherwise known as iron overload, that results in large amounts of hemosiderin accumulating in the liver, heart, and other organs, causing serious organ damage.
hemosiderin
a protein compound that stores iron in your tissues
anticoagulant
commonly known as blood thinners; they are chemical substances that prevent or reduce coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time
thrombin
an enzyme in blood plasma which causes the clotting of blood by converting fibrinogen to fibrin
prothrombin
A protein present in blood plasma which is converted into active thrombin during coagulation
It is a protein produced by your liver. It is one of many factors in your blood that help it to clot appropriately.
thrombolysis
also called fibrinolytic therapy or thrombolytic therapy, it is the breakdown of blood clots formed in blood vessels, using medication
hemostasis
the physiological process that stops bleeding at the site of an injury while maintaining normal blood flow elsewhere in the circulation; it consists of three general steps: vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, clot formation
prostaglandin
a group of lipids made at sites of tissue damage or infection that are involved in dealing with injury and illness. They control processes such as inflammation, blood flow, the formation of blood clots and the induction of labor (childbirth)
blood type
also known as blood group; a classification of blood, based on the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs)
agglutination
the process that occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody called isoagglutinin
four blood types
the blood types are named after the type of antigen on the surface of the red blood cell Type A: has the A antigen Type B: has the B antigen Type AB: has the A and B antigens Type O: has no antigen
blood donation rules
Type A blood cannot receive Type B blood. Type A can only accept type A and O.
Type B blood cannot receive Type A blood. Type B can only accept type B and O.
Type AB blood can receive blood from any blood type, but can only give blood to type AB.
Type O blood can give blood to any blood type, but can only receive type O.
A violation of these rules can lead to a life-threatening immune system reaction.
anemia
a condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body’s tissues
sickle cell anemia
With sickle cell disease, an inherited group of disorders, red blood cells contort into a sickle shape. The cells die early, leaving a shortage of healthy red blood cells (sickle cell anemia), and can block blood flow causing pain (sickle cell crisis).
Infections, pain, and fatigue are symptoms of sickle cell disease. Treatments include medications, blood transfusions, and rarely a bone-marrow transplant.
sickle
a short-handled farming tool with a semicircular blade, used for cutting grain, lopping, or trimming
reticulocyte
newly produced, relatively immature red blood cells (RBCs)
recombinant
relating to or denoting an organism, cell, or genetic material formed by recombination
angina
Chest pain or discomfort caused when your heart muscle doesn’t get enough oxygen-rich blood. It may feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest. The discomfort also can occur in your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. Angina pain may even feel like indigestion. But, angina is not a disease.
stomatitis
Also called: oral mucositis. A condition that causes painful swelling and sores inside the mouth.
iron deficiency anemia
The most common type of anemia, and it occurs when your body doesn’t have enough of the mineral iron.
syncope
- loss of consciousness resulting from insufficient blood flow to the brain : FAINT
- the loss of one or more sounds or letters in the interior of a word (as in fo’c’sle for forecastle)
megaloblastic anemia
a condition in which the bone marrow produces unusually large, structurally abnormal, immature red blood cells (megaloblasts); two common causes are deficiencies of either cobalamin (vitamin B12) or folate (vitamin B9)
pernicious anemia
The common form of megaloblastic anemia that is caused by the malabsorption of vitamin B12 owing to a lack of intrinsic factor (IF) produced in the glands of the gastric mucosa. Intrinsic factor must bind with vitamin B12 to enable absorption of the vitamin in the lower ileum.
intrinsic factor (IF)
a protein produced by a type of specialized cell that lines the stomach wall known as parietal cells
achlorhydria
A condition in which the stomach does not produce hydrochloric acid, one of the components of gastric acid. Hydrochloric acid plays an integral role in the digestion of food and protects the body from pathogens ingested with food or water.
gastrectomy
a medical procedure where all or part of the stomach is surgically removed
ataxia
Impaired balance or coordination, can be due to damage to brain, nerves, or muscles.
hypochlorhydria
a condition marked by low levels of stomach acid
aplastic anemia
a form of anemia that results from impairment or failure of bone marrow, leading to loss of stem cells and pancytopenia, the decreased numbers of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in the blood
pancytopenia
A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of red and white blood cells and platelets in the blood. Pancytopenia occurs when there is a problem with the blood-forming stem cells in the bone marrow.
idiopathic
- arising spontaneously or from an obscure or unknown cause
2. peculiar to the individual
petechiae
flat, red, pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin
myelotoxin
a toxin that destroys marrow cells
myelodysplastic syndrome
a group of cancers in which immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature or become healthy blood cells
Fanconi anemia
a rare disease passed down through families (inherited) that mainly affects the bone marrow. It results in decreased production of all types of blood cells.
thrombocytopenia
a condition in which you have a low blood platelet count.
hemolytic anemia
a form of anemia resulting from excessive destruction of red blood cells, or hemolysis, leading to a low erythrocyte count and low total hemoglobin. They have many causes, including genetic defects affecting structure, immune reactions, changes in blood chemistry, the presence of toxins in the blood, infections such as malaria, transfusion reactions, and blood incompatibility in the neonate (erythroblastosis fetalis).
neonate
an infant less than four weeks old
thalassemia
an inherited (i.e., passed from parents to children through genes) blood disorder caused when the body doesn’t make enough of a protein called hemoglobin, an important part of red blood cells
jaundice
a condition in which the skin, whites of the eyes and mucous membranes turn yellow because of a high level of bilirubin, a yellow-orange bile pigment. Jaundice has many causes, including hepatitis, gallstones and tumors
hyperbilirubinemia
a condition in which there is too much bilirubin in the blood
bilirubin
a yellowish pigment that is made during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. Bilirubin passes through the liver and is eventually excreted out of the body.
gallstone
hardened deposits of bile that can form in your gallbladder
bile
a bitter-tasting digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder
splenomegaly
An enlarged spleen.
ecchymoses
A small bruise caused by blood leaking from broken blood vessels into the tissues of the skin or mucous membranes.
hemarthrosis
articular bleeding, means bleeding into the joints
hemoptysis
the coughing up of blood
hematemesis
the vomiting of blood
hemophilia
A disorder in which blood doesn’t clot normally.
When blood can’t clot properly, excessive bleeding (external and internal) occurs after any injury or damage.
Symptoms include many large or deep bruises, joint pain and swelling, unexplained bleeding, and blood in urine or stool.
Treatment includes injections of a clotting factor or plasma.
hematuria
the presence of blood in urine
Von Willebrand Disease
A blood disorder in which the blood does not clot properly. Blood contains many proteins that help the blood clot when needed. One of these proteins is called von Willebrand factor (VWF).
disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
Condition affecting the blood’s ability to clot and stop bleeding.
In disseminated intravascular coagulation, abnormal clumps of thickened blood (clots) form inside blood vessels. These abnormal clots use up the blood’s clotting factors, which can lead to massive bleeding in other places. Causes include inflammation, infection, and cancer.
primary (medicine)
First or foremost in time or development.
thrombophilia
a group of inherited or acquired disorders that increase the risk of developing abnormal clots in the veins or arteries. Abnormal clotting events can result in conditions such as deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or peripheral vascular disease.
thrombosis
the formation of a blood clot, known as a thrombus, within a blood vessel
deep venous thrombosis
A blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the legs. This condition is serious because blood clots can loosen and lodge in the lungs.
pulmonary embolism
a blood clot that develops in a blood vessel in the body (often in the leg). It then travels to a lung artery where it suddenly blocks blood flow.
Warfarin
Warfarin is an anticoagulant (blood thinner). Warfarin reduces the formation of blood clots. Warfarin is used to treat or prevent blood clots in veins or arteries, which can reduce the risk of stroke, heart attack, or other serious conditions.
polycythemia vera
A type of blood cancer. It causes your bone marrow to make too many red blood cells. These excess cells thicken your blood, slowing its flow, which may cause serious problems, such as blood clots.
dyscrasia
an abnormal or disordered state of the body or of a bodily part
chelation therapy
a medical procedure that involves the administration of chelating agents to remove heavy metals from the body
chelation
a type of bonding of ions and molecules to metal ions
plethoric
excessively full of bodily fluid, particularly blood
dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing
lymphadenopathy
the swelling of lymph nodes
hepatomegaly
abnormal enlargement of the liver
translocation
A change in location. It often refers to genetics, when part of a chromosome is transferred to another chromosome. Chromosomes are structures that carry genes, our units of heredity. When this type of translocation occurs, it can cause flaws in chromosomes.
blood film
A blood film—or peripheral blood smear—is a thin layer of blood smeared on a glass microscope slide and then stained in such a way as to allow the various blood cells to be examined microscopically.
immunotherapy
also called biological therapy; it is the treatment of disease by activating or suppressing the immune system
