Chapter 10 - Blood and Circulatory System Disorders

Question 1

blood

Answer 1

the red liquid that circulates in the arteries and veins of humans and other vertebrate animals, carrying oxygen to and carbon dioxide from the tissues of the body

Question 2

arterioles

Answer 2

the smaller branches of arteries that control the amount of blood flowing into the capillaries in specific areas through the degree of contraction of smooth muscle in the vessel walls (vasoconstriction or dilation)

Question 3

venule

Answer 3

a small vein, especially: any of the minute veins connecting the capillaries with the larger systemic veins

Question 4

vasa vasorum

Answer 4

a network of small blood vessels that supply large blood vessels

Question 5

autoregulation

Answer 5

(1) the maintenance of relative constancy of a physiological process by a bodily part or system under varying conditions (i.e. homeostasis)
(2) the maintenance of a constant supply of blood to an organ in spite of varying arterial pressure

Question 6

platelet

Answer 6

also called thrombocytes; a minute colorless disk-like body of mammalian blood that assists in blood clotting by adhering to other platelets and to damaged epithelium

Question 7

dyscrasia

Answer 7

a nonspecific term that refers to a disease or disorder, especially of the blood

Question 8

erythropoietin (EPO)

Answer 8

a hormone produced primarily by the kidneys, with small amounts made by the liver. EPO plays a key role in the production of red blood cells

Question 9

hemochromatosis

Answer 9

A genetic disorder, otherwise known as iron overload, that results in large amounts of hemosiderin accumulating in the liver, heart, and other organs, causing serious organ damage.

Question 10

hemosiderin

Answer 10

a protein compound that stores iron in your tissues

Question 11

anticoagulant

Answer 11

commonly known as blood thinners; they are chemical substances that prevent or reduce coagulation of blood, prolonging the clotting time

Question 12

thrombin

Answer 12

an enzyme in blood plasma which causes the clotting of blood by converting fibrinogen to fibrin

Question 13

prothrombin

Answer 13

A protein present in blood plasma which is converted into active thrombin during coagulation
It is a protein produced by your liver. It is one of many factors in your blood that help it to clot appropriately.

Question 14

thrombolysis

Answer 14

also called fibrinolytic therapy or thrombolytic therapy, it is the breakdown of blood clots formed in blood vessels, using medication

Question 15

hemostasis

Answer 15

the physiological process that stops bleeding at the site of an injury while maintaining normal blood flow elsewhere in the circulation; it consists of three general steps: vasoconstriction, platelet plug formation, clot formation

Question 16

prostaglandin

Answer 16

a group of lipids made at sites of tissue damage or infection that are involved in dealing with injury and illness. They control processes such as inflammation, blood flow, the formation of blood clots and the induction of labor (childbirth)

Question 17

blood type

Answer 17

also known as blood group; a classification of blood, based on the presence and absence of antibodies and inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs)

Question 18

agglutination

Answer 18

the process that occurs if an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody called isoagglutinin

Question 19

four blood types

Answer 19

the blood types are named after the type of antigen on the surface of the red blood cell
Type A: has the A antigen
Type B: has the B antigen
Type AB: has the A and B antigens
Type O: has no antigen

Question 20

blood donation rules

Answer 20

Type A blood cannot receive Type B blood. Type A can only accept type A and O.
Type B blood cannot receive Type A blood. Type B can only accept type B and O.
Type AB blood can receive blood from any blood type, but can only give blood to type AB.
Type O blood can give blood to any blood type, but can only receive type O.
A violation of these rules can lead to a life-threatening immune system reaction.

Question 21

anemia

Answer 21

a condition in which you lack enough healthy red blood cells to carry adequate oxygen to your body’s tissues

Question 22

sickle cell anemia

Answer 22

With sickle cell disease, an inherited group of disorders, red blood cells contort into a sickle shape. The cells die early, leaving a shortage of healthy red blood cells (sickle cell anemia), and can block blood flow causing pain (sickle cell crisis).
Infections, pain, and fatigue are symptoms of sickle cell disease. Treatments include medications, blood transfusions, and rarely a bone-marrow transplant.

Question 23

sickle

Answer 23

a short-handled farming tool with a semicircular blade, used for cutting grain, lopping, or trimming

Question 24

reticulocyte

Answer 24

newly produced, relatively immature red blood cells (RBCs)

Question 25

recombinant

Answer 25

relating to or denoting an organism, cell, or genetic material formed by recombination

Question 26

angina

Answer 26

Chest pain or discomfort caused when your heart muscle doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood. It may feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest. The discomfort also can occur in your shoulders, arms, neck, jaw, or back. Angina pain may even feel like indigestion. But, angina is not a disease.

Question 27

stomatitis

Answer 27

Also called: oral mucositis. A condition that causes painful swelling and sores inside the mouth.

Question 28

iron deficiency anemia

Answer 28

The most common type of anemia, and it occurs when your body doesn't have enough of the mineral iron.

Question 29

syncope

Answer 29

1. loss of consciousness resulting from insufficient blood flow to the brain : FAINT 2. the loss of one or more sounds or letters in the interior of a word (as in fo'c'sle for forecastle)

Question 30

megaloblastic anemia

Answer 30

a condition in which the bone marrow produces unusually large, structurally abnormal, immature red blood cells (megaloblasts); two common causes are deficiencies of either cobalamin (vitamin B12) or folate (vitamin B9)

Question 31

pernicious anemia

Answer 31

The common form of megaloblastic anemia that is caused by the malabsorption of vitamin B12 owing to a lack of intrinsic factor (IF) produced in the glands of the gastric mucosa. Intrinsic factor must bind with vitamin B12 to enable absorption of the vitamin in the lower ileum.

Question 32

intrinsic factor (IF)

Answer 32

a protein produced by a type of specialized cell that lines the stomach wall known as parietal cells

Question 33

achlorhydria

Answer 33

A condition in which the stomach does not produce hydrochloric acid, one of the components of gastric acid. Hydrochloric acid plays an integral role in the digestion of food and protects the body from pathogens ingested with food or water.

Question 34

gastrectomy

Answer 34

a medical procedure where all or part of the stomach is surgically removed

Question 35

ataxia

Answer 35

Impaired balance or coordination, can be due to damage to brain, nerves, or muscles.

Question 36

hypochlorhydria

Answer 36

a condition marked by low levels of stomach acid

Question 37

aplastic anemia

Answer 37

a form of anemia that results from impairment or failure of bone marrow, leading to loss of stem cells and pancytopenia, the decreased numbers of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets in the blood

Question 38

pancytopenia

Answer 38

A condition in which there is a lower-than-normal number of red and white blood cells and platelets in the blood. Pancytopenia occurs when there is a problem with the blood-forming stem cells in the bone marrow.

Question 39

idiopathic

Answer 39

1. arising spontaneously or from an obscure or unknown cause | 2. peculiar to the individual

Question 40

petechiae

Answer 40

flat, red, pinpoint hemorrhages on the skin

Question 41

myelotoxin

Answer 41

a toxin that destroys marrow cells

Question 42

myelodysplastic syndrome

Answer 42

a group of cancers in which immature blood cells in the bone marrow do not mature or become healthy blood cells

Question 43

Fanconi anemia

Answer 43

a rare disease passed down through families (inherited) that mainly affects the bone marrow. It results in decreased production of all types of blood cells.

Question 44

thrombocytopenia

Answer 44

a condition in which you have a low blood platelet count.

Question 45

hemolytic anemia

Answer 45

a form of anemia resulting from excessive destruction of red blood cells, or hemolysis, leading to a low erythrocyte count and low total hemoglobin. They have many causes, including genetic defects affecting structure, immune reactions, changes in blood chemistry, the presence of toxins in the blood, infections such as malaria, transfusion reactions, and blood incompatibility in the neonate (erythroblastosis fetalis).

Question 46

neonate

Answer 46

an infant less than four weeks old

Question 47

thalassemia

Answer 47

an inherited (i.e., passed from parents to children through genes) blood disorder caused when the body doesn't make enough of a protein called hemoglobin, an important part of red blood cells

Question 48

jaundice

Answer 48

a condition in which the skin, whites of the eyes and mucous membranes turn yellow because of a high level of bilirubin, a yellow-orange bile pigment. Jaundice has many causes, including hepatitis, gallstones and tumors

Question 49

hyperbilirubinemia

Answer 49

a condition in which there is too much bilirubin in the blood

Question 50

bilirubin

Answer 50

a yellowish pigment that is made during the normal breakdown of red blood cells. Bilirubin passes through the liver and is eventually excreted out of the body.

Question 51

gallstone

Answer 51

hardened deposits of bile that can form in your gallbladder

Question 52

bile

Answer 52

a bitter-tasting digestive fluid produced by the liver and stored in the gallbladder

Question 53

splenomegaly

Answer 53

An enlarged spleen.

Question 54

ecchymoses

Answer 54

A small bruise caused by blood leaking from broken blood vessels into the tissues of the skin or mucous membranes.

Question 55

hemarthrosis

Answer 55

articular bleeding, means bleeding into the joints

Question 56

hemoptysis

Answer 56

the coughing up of blood

Question 57

hematemesis

Answer 57

the vomiting of blood

Question 58

hemophilia

Answer 58

A disorder in which blood doesn't clot normally. When blood can't clot properly, excessive bleeding (external and internal) occurs after any injury or damage. Symptoms include many large or deep bruises, joint pain and swelling, unexplained bleeding, and blood in urine or stool. Treatment includes injections of a clotting factor or plasma.

Question 59

hematuria

Answer 59

the presence of blood in urine

Question 60

Von Willebrand Disease

Answer 60

A blood disorder in which the blood does not clot properly. Blood contains many proteins that help the blood clot when needed. One of these proteins is called von Willebrand factor (VWF).

Question 61

disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)

Answer 61

Condition affecting the blood's ability to clot and stop bleeding. In disseminated intravascular coagulation, abnormal clumps of thickened blood (clots) form inside blood vessels. These abnormal clots use up the blood's clotting factors, which can lead to massive bleeding in other places. Causes include inflammation, infection, and cancer.

Question 62

primary (medicine)

Answer 62

First or foremost in time or development.

Question 63

thrombophilia

Answer 63

a group of inherited or acquired disorders that increase the risk of developing abnormal clots in the veins or arteries. Abnormal clotting events can result in conditions such as deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, or peripheral vascular disease.

Question 64

thrombosis

Answer 64

the formation of a blood clot, known as a thrombus, within a blood vessel

Question 65

deep venous thrombosis

Answer 65

A blood clot in a deep vein, usually in the legs. This condition is serious because blood clots can loosen and lodge in the lungs.

Question 66

pulmonary embolism

Answer 66

a blood clot that develops in a blood vessel in the body (often in the leg). It then travels to a lung artery where it suddenly blocks blood flow.

Question 67

Warfarin

Answer 67

Warfarin is an anticoagulant (blood thinner). Warfarin reduces the formation of blood clots. Warfarin is used to treat or prevent blood clots in veins or arteries, which can reduce the risk of stroke, heart attack, or other serious conditions.

Question 68

polycythemia vera

Answer 68

A type of blood cancer. It causes your bone marrow to make too many red blood cells. These excess cells thicken your blood, slowing its flow, which may cause serious problems, such as blood clots.

Question 69

dyscrasia

Answer 69

an abnormal or disordered state of the body or of a bodily part

Question 70

chelation therapy

Answer 70

a medical procedure that involves the administration of chelating agents to remove heavy metals from the body

Question 71

chelation

Answer 71

a type of bonding of ions and molecules to metal ions

Question 72

plethoric

Answer 72

excessively full of bodily fluid, particularly blood

Question 73

dyspnea

Answer 73

difficult or labored breathing

Question 74

lymphadenopathy

Answer 74

the swelling of lymph nodes

Question 75

hepatomegaly

Answer 75

abnormal enlargement of the liver

Question 76

translocation

Answer 76

A change in location. It often refers to genetics, when part of a chromosome is transferred to another chromosome. Chromosomes are structures that carry genes, our units of heredity. When this type of translocation occurs, it can cause flaws in chromosomes.

Question 77

blood film

Answer 77

A blood film—or peripheral blood smear—is a thin layer of blood smeared on a glass microscope slide and then stained in such a way as to allow the various blood cells to be examined microscopically.

Question 78

immunotherapy

Answer 78

also called biological therapy; it is the treatment of disease by activating or suppressing the immune system