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Pathophysiology and Pharmacology > Chapter 12 - Cardiovascular System Disorders > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Cardiovascular System Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

orthopnea

A

difficulty in breathing that occurs when lying down and is relieved upon changing to an upright position (as in congestive heart failure)

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2
Q

troponins

A

a group of proteins found in skeletal and heart (cardiac) muscle fibers that regulate muscular contraction

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3
Q

verrucae

A
  1. a wart or warty skin lesion

2. a warty elevation on a plant or animal surface

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4
Q

endarterectomy

A

A surgical procedure to remove the atheromatous plaque material, or blockage, in the lining of an artery constricted by the buildup of deposits. It is carried out by separating the plaque from the arterial wall.

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5
Q

atheroma

A

also called atheromatous plaque

an abnormal and reversible accumulation of material in the inner layer of an artery wall

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6
Q

bradycardia

A

Slower-than-expected heart rate, generally beating fewer than 60 beats per minute.

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7
Q

cardiomegaly

A

An enlarged heart, which is usually a sign of another condition.

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8
Q

anastomosis (surgery)

A

A surgical connection between two structures. It usually means a connection that is created between tubular structures, such as blood vessels or loops of intestine.

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9
Q

Aschoff bodies

A

Nodules found in the hearts of individuals with rheumatic fever. They result from inflammation in the heart muscle and are characteristic of rheumatic heart disease

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10
Q

rheumatic fever (RF)

A

An inflammatory disease that can involve the heart, joints, skin, and brain.
The disease typically develops two to four weeks after a streptococcal throat infection.

Signs and symptoms include fever, multiple painful joints, involuntary muscle movements, and occasionally a characteristic non-itchy rash known as erythema marginatum.

Valvular (referring to valves) heart disease resulting from rheumatic fever is referred to as rheumatic heart disease.

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11
Q

streptococcal pharyngitis

A

also known as strep throat
It is an infection of the back of the throat including the tonsils caused by group A streptococcus (GAS) bacteria.
Common symptoms include fever, sore throat, red tonsils, and enlarged lymph nodes in the neck. Some develop scarlet fever as a result.

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12
Q

scarlet fever

A

A disease resulting from a group A streptococcus (group A strep) bacterial infection.

The signs and symptoms include a sore throat, fever, headaches, swollen lymph nodes, and a characteristic rash. The rash is red and feels like sandpaper and the tongue may be red and bumpy.

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13
Q

baroreceptors

A

Baroreceptors (or archaically, pressoreceptors) sense the blood pressure and relay the information to the brain, so that a proper blood pressure can be maintained.

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14
Q

electrode

A

a conductor through which electricity enters or leaves an object, substance, or region

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15
Q

conduction

A
  1. the act of conducting or conveying
  2. transmission through or by means of a conductor
  3. the transmission of excitation through living tissue and especially nervous tissue
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16
Q

excitation

A

excitement

especially: the disturbed or altered condition resulting from stimulation of an individual, organ, tissue, or cell

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17
Q

murmur

A
  1. a half-suppressed or muttered complaint: GRUMBLING
  2. a low indistinct but often continuous sound
  3. a soft or gentle utterance
  4. an atypical sound of the heart typically indicating a functional or structural abnormality
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18
Q

grumbling

A
  1. a mutter of discontent : COMPLAINT

2. a growling or reverberating noise: RUMBLING

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19
Q

rumbling

A
  1. rumble

2. general but unofficial talk or opinion often of dissatisfaction —usually used in plural

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20
Q

rumble

A
  1. to make a low heavy rolling sound (e.g. thunder)
  2. to travel with a low reverberating sound (e.g. wagons rumbled into town)
  3. to speak in a low rolling tone
  4. a seat for servants behind the body of a carriage
  5. widespread expression of dissatisfaction or unrest
  6. a street fight especially among gangs
    (rolling in the above sense means it’s drawn out, i.e. takes time to complete)
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21
Q

microcirculation

A

circulation of the blood in the smallest blood vessels

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22
Q

hyperlipidemia

A

abnormally elevated levels of any or all lipids (fats, cholesterol, or triglycerides) or lipoproteins in the blood

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23
Q

lipoprotein

A

any of a group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma

24
Q

sick sinus syndrome

A

a disease in which the heart’s natural pacemaker located in the upper right heart chamber (right atrium) becomes damaged and is no longer able to generate normal heartbeats at the normal rate

25
Q

sinus node

A

An area of specialized cells in the upper right chamber of the heart. This area controls your heartbeat. Normally, the sinus node creates a steady pace of electrical impulses. The pace changes depending on your activity, emotions, rest and other factors.

26
Q

atrial flutter

A

A condition in which the heart’s upper chambers (atria) beat too quickly.

27
Q

asystole

A

colloquially referred to as flatline
It is when there’s no electricity or movement in your heart. That means you don’t have a heartbeat.

Asystole is the most serious form of cardiac arrest and is usually irreversible (death).

28
Q

Tetralogy of Fallot

A

A rare condition caused by a combination of four heart defects that are present at birth.
The four defects are:

  1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) − a hole between the right and left pumping chambers of the heart
  2. Overriding aorta − the aortic valve is enlarged and appears to arise from both the left and right ventricles instead of the left ventricle as in normal hearts
  3. Pulmonary stenosis − narrowing of the pulmonary valve and outflow tract or area below the valve that creates an obstruction (blockage) of blood flow from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
  4. Right ventricular hypertrophy − thickening of the muscular walls of the right ventricle, which occurs because the right ventricle is pumping at high pressure
29
Q

tract

A
  1. a system of body parts or organs that act together to perform some function
  2. a bundle of nerve fibers having a common origin, termination, and function
  3. an area either large or small, indefinite or well-defined
  4. extent or lapse of time
  5. a pamphlet or leaflet of political or religious propaganda
30
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of the pericardium

31
Q

epistaxis

A

also called a nosebleed, which is bleeding from the nose

32
Q

varicose veins

A

Also called varicosity (plural: varicosities).

They are twisted, enlarged veins.

Any superficial vein may become varicosed, but the veins most commonly affected are those in your legs. That’s because standing and walking upright increases the pressure in the veins of your lower body.

33
Q

spider veins

A

a common, mild, and smaller variation of varicose veins

they can be blue, purple, or red and may appear in the form of thin lines, webs, or branches.

34
Q

gnarled

A
  1. full of knots or gnarls: KNOTTY

2. crabbed in disposition, aspect, or character

35
Q

gnarl

A

(verb) snarl, growl
(verb) to twist into a state of deformity
(noun) a rough, knotty protuberance, especially on a tree

36
Q

crabbed

A
  1. marked by a forbidding moroseness

2. difficult to read or understand

37
Q

morose

A
  1. having a sullen and gloomy disposition

2. marked by or expressive of gloom

38
Q

gloomy

A
  1. partially or totally dark
  2. having a frowning or scowling appearance
  3. low in spirits: MELANCHOLY
  4. causing gloom: DEPRESSING
  5. lacking in promise or hopefulness: PESSIMISTIC
39
Q

pensive

A
  1. musingly or dreamily thoughtful (e.g. a pensive young poet)
  2. suggestive of sad thoughtfulness
40
Q

musing, musingly

A

deeply or seriously thoughtful

41
Q

meditate [meanings #1, #2, #4]

meditation [meaning #3]

A
  1. to engage in contemplation or reflection
  2. to engage in mental exercise (such as concentration on one’s breathing or repetition of a mantra) for the purpose of reaching a heightened level of spiritual awareness
  3. a discourse intended to express its author’s reflections or to guide others in contemplation
  4. to plan or project in the mind: INTEND, PURPOSE
42
Q

phlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein

43
Q

Homans’ sign

A

(sometimes spelled as Homans sign or called dorsiflexion sign)
It is considered by some physicians to be a sign of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). It was defined by John Homans in 1941 as “discomfort behind the knee upon forced dorsiflexion of the foot.” It is not always seen as being accurate.

44
Q

dorsiflexion

A

flexion in a dorsal direction; especially: flexion of the foot in an upward direction.

(flexion is the bending of a joint)

45
Q

cardiogenic

A

originating in the heart or caused by a cardiac condition

46
Q

sinus rhythm

A

the rhythm of your heart beat, determined by the sinus node of your heart

47
Q

claudication

A

a condition in which cramping pain in the leg is induced by exercise, typically caused by obstruction of the arteries

48
Q

collateral circulation

A

the alternate circulation around a blocked artery or vein via another path, such as nearby minor vessels

49
Q

cardiac glycoside

A

medicines for treating heart failure and certain irregular heartbeats

50
Q

citric acid cycle

A

also known as the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle) or the Krebs cycle
It is a series of chemical reactions to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
The TCA cycle is used by organisms that breathe to generate energy, either by anaerobic respiration or aerobic respiration.

51
Q

acetyl-CoA

A

a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism

52
Q

intima

A

the innermost membrane or lining of some organ or part, especially that of an artery, vein, or lymphatic vessel

53
Q

diaphoresis

A

sweating, especially to an unusual degree as a symptom of disease or a side effect of a drug

54
Q

scanty

A

limited or less than sufficient in degree, quantity, or extent

55
Q

snarl

A

(of an animal such as a dog) make an aggressive growl with bared teeth

56
Q

scowl

A

frown in an angry or bad-tempered way

57
Q

frown

A

form an expression of disapproval, displeasure, or concentration, typically by turning down the corners of the mouth

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology (23 decks)

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