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Pathophysiology and Pharmacology > Chapter 2 - Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Imbalances Flashcards

1
Q

aldosterone

A

a hormone whose main role is to regulate salt and water in the body, thus having an effect on blood pressure

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2
Q

anion

A

a negatively charged ion

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3
Q

approximate percentage of water weight

A

an adult is approximately 60% water and an infant is approximately 70% water

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4
Q

ascites

A

the accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, causing abdominal swelling

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5
Q

buffer system

A

The general category name for a variety of systems in the body that help the body to maintain normal blood pH
Each buffer system is made up of two compounds, together referred to as a buffer pair.

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6
Q

capillary permeability

A

the property or capability of capillary walls to allow the selective flow of substances and cells into and out of the capillary

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7
Q

cardiac dysrhythmia

A

a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat caused by changes in your heart’s normal sequence of electrical impulses

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8
Q

carpopedal spasms

A

frequent and involuntary muscle contractions in the hands and feet

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9
Q

cation

A

a positively charged ion

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10
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

a clear, colorless body fluid found within the tissue that surrounds the brain and spinal cord of all vertebrates; it acts as a cushion

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11
Q

chloride

A

an electrolyte that helps the body maintain its fluid balance. It also helps make the digestive enzymes that help the body metabolize food.

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12
Q

dependent area of the body

A

an area of the body affected by gravity (such as the buttocks)

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13
Q

dependent edema

A

a term that doctors use to describe gravity-related swelling, found most often in the legs and feet

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14
Q

diabetic ketoacidosis

A

a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when your body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones

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15
Q

diffusion

A

the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

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16
Q

edema

A

swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in your body’s tissues

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17
Q

edematous

A

(adjective) relating to or affected with edema

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18
Q

electrocardiogram

A

also called ECG: a record or display of a person’s heartbeat

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19
Q

electrocardiography

A

the process of producing an electrocardiogram

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20
Q

extracellular compartment

A

the space outside the organism’s cells

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21
Q

extracellular fluid

A

all body fluid outside the cells of any multicellular organism; it includes intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid

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22
Q

hematocrit

A

the volume percentage (vol%) of red blood cells (RBC) in blood, measured as part of a blood test; there are other names for the hematocrit, such as: packed cell volume (PCV), volume of packed red cells (VPRC), or erythrocyte volume fraction (EVF)

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23
Q

homeothermic

A

(adjective) maintaining a relatively constant body temperature that is independent of the temperature of the surrounding environment

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24
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

the pressure that any fluid in a confined space exerts (for example, if fluid is in a container, there will be some pressure on the wall of that container)

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25
hypercalcemia
a condition in which the blood has too much calcium
26
hyperchloremia
an abnormally high level of chloride in your blood
27
hyperkalemia
a medical problem in which you have too much potassium in your blood
28
hypermagnesemia
a condition in which the blood has too much magnesium
29
hypernatremia
a condition where there is an excessive sodium level in the blood and extracellular fluids. Manifestations include weakness, agitation, thirst, and decreased urination.
30
hyperphosphatemia
an abnormally high level of phosphate in the blood
31
hypertonic dehydration
a dehydration that refers to a loss of more water than electrolytes
32
hypertonic solution
a solution that has a higher solute concentration or lower water content than another solution
33
hypocalcemia
a condition in which the blood has too little calcium
34
hypochloremia
an abnormally low level of chloride in your blood
35
hypokalemia
a metabolic imbalance characterized by extremely low potassium levels in the blood. It is a symptom of another disease or condition, or a side effect of diuretic drugs.
36
hypomagnesemia
a condition in which the blood has too little magnesium
37
hyponatremia
a condition where sodium levels in the blood are lower than normal. Low sodium levels impair nerve conduction and result in fluid imbalances in the compartments of the body. Manifestations include fatigue, muscle cramps, and abdominal discomfort or cramps with nausea and vomiting
38
hypophosphatemia
an abnormally low level of phosphate in the blood
39
hypotonic dehydration
a dehydration that refers to a loss of more electrolytes than water
40
hypotonic solution
a solution that has a lower solute concentration or higher water content than another solution
41
hypovolemia
the medical condition where there is too little fluid in the blood, which can be due to blood loss or loss of body fluids
42
importance of water
a reference to the fact that water is a major component in the body, is necessary to maintain homeostasis, and is a major transportation source for movement of nutrients and other things between cells
43
interstitial fluid
a fluid found in the spaces around cells; it helps bring oxygen and nutrients from the blood capillaries to cells and to remove waste products from the cells
44
intracellular compartment
the space within the organism's cells
45
intravascular fluid
another name for blood; the acronym is IVF
46
isotonic dehydration
in this form of dehydration, water and electrolytes are lost in equivalent amounts
47
isotonic solution
a solution that has the same solute and water content as another solution
48
laryngospasm
a spasm of the vocal cords that temporarily makes it difficult to speak or breathe
49
metabolic acidosis
a condition in which there is too much acid in the body fluids
50
metabolic alkalosis
a condition that occurs when your blood becomes overly alkaline
51
movement of water
a reference to the fact that the body maintains a constant level of water by consuming water through food and drink and expelling it through perspiration, urination, defecation, and exhalation of air
52
normal blood pH
blood has a normal pH range of 7.35 to 7.45; death usually results if blood pH is below 6.8 or above 7.8
53
osmoreceptor
a sensory receptor primarily found in the hypothalamus of most homeothermic organisms that detects changes in osmotic pressure
54
osmosis
the movement of water from an area of higher water concentration through a semipermeable membrane to an area of lower water concentration
55
osmosis vs diffusion
osmosis deals with the movement of water and diffusion deals with the movement of anything
56
osmotic pressure
the pressure produced by or associated with osmosis
57
paresthesia
an abnormal sensation, typically tingling or pricking (“pins and needles”), caused chiefly by pressure on or damage to peripheral nerves
58
peritoneal cavity
The space within the abdomen that contains the intestines, the stomach, and the liver. It is bound by thin membranes.
59
peritonitis
a redness and swelling (inflammation) of the tissue that lines your belly or abdomen (called the peritoneum)
60
phosphate
an electrolyte that helps your body with energy production and nerve function
61
respiratory acidosis
a condition that occurs when the lungs cannot remove all of the carbon dioxide the body produces. This causes body fluids, especially the blood, to become too acidic.
62
respiratory alkalosis
a condition marked by a low level of carbon dioxide in the blood, often due to breathing excessively. This causes the pH of the blood to rise and become too alkaline.
63
serum pH
another word for blood pH
64
tetany
a symptom characterized by muscle cramps, spasms, or tremors
65
third-spacing
a situation in which fluid shifts out of the blood into a body cavity or tissue where it is no longer available as circulating fluid
66
tonicity
the relative concentration of water between two areas separated by a membrane; it determines the direction of osmosis; an area of lower tonicity (higher water concentration) moves into an area of higher tonicity (lower water concentration); this term refers to osmosis
67
vasopressin
also called antidiuretic hormone (ADH); it is a hormone that controls the amount of fluid leaving the body in the urine

Pathophysiology and Pharmacology (23 decks)

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