Chapter 23 - Complications of Adolescence, 24 (skipped), 25-Immobility, 26-Stress

Question 1

insulin resistance

Answer 1

Insulin resistance is when cells in your muscles, fat, and liver don’t respond well to insulin and can’t use glucose from your blood for energy. To make up for it, your pancreas makes more insulin. Over time, your blood sugar levels go up.

Question 2

lipoprotein metabolism

Answer 2

Synonyms: lipid metabolism; cholesterol metabolism

Lipoprotein metabolism is the process by which hydrophobic lipids, namely triglycerides and cholesterol, are transported within the interstitial fluid and plasma. It includes the transport of energy in the form of triglycerides from intestine and liver to muscles and adipose, as well as the transport of cholesterol both from intestine and liver to peripheral tissues, as well as from peripheral tissues back to the liver.

Question 3

emaciated

w/ emaciate and emaciation

Answer 3

very thin and feeble especially from lack of nutrition or illness

(to emaciate is to make someone emaciated)
(emaciation is the state of being emaciated)

Question 4

delayed puberty

Answer 4

While there’s a wide range of what’s considered “normal” in terms of when boys and girls start to go through puberty, delayed puberty is defined simply as:

In boys, delayed puberty is more common and is defined as:

1. No enlargement of the testes (testicles) by age 14
2. A time lapse of more than 5 years from the start to the completion of growth of the genitals

In girls, delayed puberty is defined as:

1. No breast development by age 13
2. A time lapse of more than 3 years from the beginning of breast growth to the first menstrual period
3. No menstruation by age 16 (delayed menarche)

Question 5

acne vulgaris

Answer 5

A common chronic skin disease involving blockage and/or inflammation of pilosebaceous units. Acne can present as noninflammatory lesions, inflammatory lesions, or a mixture of both, affecting mostly the face but also the back and chest.

Question 6

skin lesion

Answer 6

A skin lesion is a part of the skin that has an abnormal growth or appearance compared to the skin around it. Pimples are one of many examples of skin lesions.

Two categories of skin lesions exist: primary and secondary.

Primary skin lesions are abnormal skin conditions present at birth or acquired over a person’s lifetime.

Secondary skin lesions are the result of irritated or manipulated primary skin lesions. For example, if someone scratches a mole until it bleeds, the resulting lesion, a crust, is now a secondary skin lesion.

Question 7

pimple

Answer 7

A pimple is a small pustule or papule.

Pimples develop when sebaceous glands, or oil glands, become clogged and infected, leading to swollen, red lesions filled with pus.

Also known as spots or zits, pimples are a part of acne. They are most likely to occur around puberty, but they can happen at any age.

Question 8

pilosebaceous units

Answer 8

The hair follicle, hair shaft and sebaceous gland are collectively known as the pilosebaceous unit.
(In the picture, the shaft the hair goes through is the hair shaft.)

Question 9

Staph infection

Answer 9

Staph infections are caused by staphylococcus bacteria, types of germs commonly found on the skin or in the nose of even healthy individuals. Most of the time, these bacteria cause no problems or result in relatively minor skin infections.

But staph infections can turn deadly if the bacteria invade deeper into your body, entering your bloodstream, joints, bones, lungs or heart. A growing number of otherwise healthy people are developing life-threatening staph infections.

Treatment usually involves antibiotics and drainage of the infected area. However, some staph infections no longer respond to common antibiotics.
One example is methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection. Methicillin was once commonly used to treat Staph infections because they were resistant to penicillin. MRSA is often seen in hospitals.

Question 10

Klinefelter syndrome

Answer 10

Klinefelter syndrome (sometimes called Klinefelter’s, KS or XXY) is where boys and men are born with an extra X chromosome. Chromosomes are packages of genes found in every cell in the body. There are 2 types of chromosome, called the sex chromosomes, that determine the genetic sex of a baby.

Klinefelter syndrome isn’t inherited, but rather occurs only as a result of a random genetic error after conception.

Males born with Klinefelter syndrome may have low testosterone and reduced muscle mass, facial hair, and body hair. Most males with this condition produce little or no sperm. They also may have enlarged breasts.

Treatment may include testosterone replacement and fertility treatment.

Question 11

maladaptation

Answer 11

Maladaptation is a trait that is more harmful than helpful, in contrast with an adaptation, which is more helpful than harmful. All organisms, from bacteria to humans, display maladaptive and adaptive traits.

Question 12

malabsorption

Answer 12

Difficulty in the digestion or absorption of nutrients from food.

Question 13

lipolysis

Answer 13

The metabolic pathway through which lipid triglycerides are hydrolyzed into a glycerol and three fatty acids. It is used to mobilize stored energy during fasting or exercise, and usually occurs in fat adipocytes.

Question 14

adipocyte

Answer 14

a cell specialized for the storage of fat, found in connective tissue

Question 15

fatty acids

Answer 15

Fatty acids are the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat. During digestion, the body breaks down fats into fatty acids, which can then be absorbed into the blood. Fatty acid molecules are usually joined together in groups of three, forming a molecule called a triglyceride.

Fatty acids are called acids because it contains carboxylic acid.

Question 16

carboxylic acid

Answer 16

any of a class of organic compounds in which a carbon (C) atom is bonded to an oxygen (O) atom by a double bond and to a hydroxyl group (―OH) by a single bond.

Question 17

halitosis

Answer 17

A persistent, unpleasant odor in exhaled breath; usually not serious, commonly called bad breath.

Question 18

What are the six types of periodontal disease?

Answer 18

1. Gingivitis: Healthy gums are pink and firm. If your gums are red, swollen, bleed easily, or sore, you may have gingivitis, the mildest form of periodontal disease. Usually caused by a lack of oral hygiene, gingivitis is gum disease at its reversible stage. By seeking professional treatment and performing proper oral home care, your gums can be reinstated to health.
2. Periodontitis: Periodontitis is advance gum disease. It not only affects your gum tissue, it spreads below the gum line, affects your teeth, and deteriorates your jawbone leading to tooth loss and jawbone atrophy. Symptoms include chronic bad breath, receding gums, and gingival pockets which may contain pus as a result of infection.
3. Aggressive periodontitis: This is the rapid progression of periodontitis. Gingival tissue, gingival ligaments (which hold your teeth in place), and bone destruction progress at an advanced pace.
4. Chronic periodontitis: Describes inflammation of the supporting gingival tissues of the teeth and bone loss. This is the most common form and is characterized by gum recession and gingival pockets. Deterioration usually occurs slowly.
5. Systemic periodontitis: Is the development of gum disease due to systemic disease. Systemic conditions can include diabetes, heart disease, and respiratory disease.
6. Necrotizing periodontal disease: This type of gum disease occurs most commonly in people suffering from systemic diseases including malnutrition, immunosuppression, and HIV. Necrosis is the death of living tissue meaning the gingival tissue, periodontal ligaments, and alveolar bone are not eaten away by disease, but are deprived of the nourishment they need to remain healthy.

Question 19

gingival pockets

Answer 19

also called periodontal pockets or gum pockets

It is the presence of an abnormally deep gap between where the tooth and the gum meet. The measurements below measure the depth of the gap.

Size and severity of periodontal pockets
1 to 3 mm: normal
4 to 5 mm: early or mild periodontitis; gum disease is present
5 to 7 mm: moderate periodontitis
7 to 12 mm: advanced periodontitis

Question 20

ileitis

Answer 20

a condition characterized by irritation or inflammation of the ileum, the last part of the small intestine that joins the large intestine

Question 21

fistula

Answer 21

An abnormal connection between two body parts, such as an organ or blood vessel and another structure. Fistulas are usually the result of an injury or surgery. Infection or inflammation can also cause a fistula to form.

Question 22

stroke

Answer 22

A stroke occurs when the blood supply to part of your brain is interrupted or reduced, preventing brain tissue from getting oxygen and nutrients. Brain cells begin to die in minutes. A stroke is a medical emergency, and prompt treatment is crucial.

Also called: cerebrovascular accident (CVA).

Question 23

dysarthria

Answer 23

Weakness in the muscles used for speech, which often causes slowed or slurred speech.

Question 24

dysphagia

Answer 24

Difficulty swallowing foods or liquids, arising from the throat or esophagus, ranging from mild difficulty to complete and painful blockage.

Question 25

regional ileitis

Answer 25

Regional ileitis is also called terminal ileitis. It is a type of inflammatory bowel disease similar to Crohn’s disease. Where Crohn’s disease can affect any part of the gastrointestinal tract, regional ileitis is localized. It affects the terminal ileum that is the end of the small intestine.

The disease has periods of remission and exacerbation, much like Crohn’s disease. The advanced stage of this disease has characteristics of hardening, thickening and ulceration of the bowel lining.

Question 26

exacerbation

Answer 26

1. the process of making a problem, bad situation, or negative feeling worse
2. an acute increase in the severity of a problem, illness, or bad situation

Question 27

ecosystem

Answer 27

1. a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment
2. (in general use) a complex network or interconnected system

Question 28

slur

Answer 28

1. speak (words or speech) indistinctly so that the sounds run into one another
2. an insinuation or allegation about someone that is likely to insult them or damage their reputation
3. a shaming or degrading effect

Question 29

bedsores

Answer 29

Bedsores — also called pressure ulcers and decubitus ulcers — are injuries to skin and underlying tissue resulting from prolonged pressure on the skin. Bedsores most often develop on skin that covers bony areas of the body, such as the heels, ankles, hips and tailbone.

People most at risk of bedsores have medical conditions that limit their ability to change positions or cause them to spend most of their time in a bed or chair.

Bedsores can develop over hours or days. Most sores heal with treatment, but some never heal completely. You can take steps to help prevent bedsores and help them heal.

Question 30

What are the four stages of bedsores?

Answer 30

Stage 1. The area looks red and feels warm to the touch.
Stage 2. The area looks more damaged and may have an open sore, scrape, or blister.
Stage 3. The area has a crater-like appearance due to damage below the skin’s surface.
Stage 4. The area is severely damaged and a large wound is present.

Question 31

diplegia

Answer 31

a form of paralysis that affects similar body parts on both sides of the body, such as both legs or both arms

Question 32

hemiparesis vs hemiplegia

Answer 32

Hemiparesis is a mild or partial weakness or loss of strength on one side of the body. This is also called unilateral paresis.

Hemiplegia is a severe or complete loss of strength or paralysis on one side of the body.

The difference between the two conditions primarily lies in severity.

Question 33

paresis vs -plegia

Answer 33

Paresis a condition of muscular weakness caused by nerve damage or disease; partial paralysis. It is a word all its own.

-plegia is a suffix denoting total paralysis.

Question 34

basal metabolic rate (BMR) vs. resting metabolic rate (RMR)

Answer 34

Basal metabolic rate (BMR) and resting metabolic rate (RMR) both measure the amount of energy —‌in calories —that your body needs to stay alive and function properly. Many people use the two terms interchangeably, but they have slightly different meanings.

Your basal metabolic rate measures the minimum amount of calories that your body needs to perform necessary functions. These functions include: breathing, digestion, temperature homeostasis, blood circulation.

Your resting metabolic rate is the amount of energy that your body needs to function while at rest. RMR accounts for additional low-effort daily activities on top of basic body functions. These activities include: eating, drinking, walking for short periods, heavy sweating or shivering.

Question 35

orthostatic hypotension

Answer 35

A form of low blood pressure that happens when standing up from sitting or lying down.

Question 36

flexor muscle

Answer 36

any of the muscles that decrease the angle between bones on two sides of a joint, as in bending the elbow or knee

Question 37

extensor muscle

Answer 37

any of the muscles that increase the angle between members of a limb, as by straightening the elbow or knee or bending the wrist or spine backward

Question 38

opisthenar

Answer 38

the back of the hand (the side of the hand where the nails are)

Question 39

Which part of the hand is front and which is back?

Answer 39

The front of the hand is the palm, and the back is the opisthenar area. You can tell by looking at the anatomical position.

Question 40

backhanded (adjective)

Answer 40

1. indirect, devious
2. sarcastic
3. using or made with a backhand

Question 41

backhand

Answer 41

1. a stroke (as in tennis) made with the back of the hand turned in the direction of movement or the side on which such strokes are made
2. strike with a backhanded blow or stroke (i.e. back of hand is turned in the direction of the movement of the strike)

Question 42

What are the effects of immobility on children?

Answer 42

When children are immobilized for an extended period of time, normal growth is often delayed because the physical movement to stimulate bone and muscle development is lost. Catch-up growth may be possible when mobility returns. Depending on the underlying condition, deformities involving the hips, spine, hands, and feet may develop. Other developmental delays are common when sensory and experiential stimulations are decreased.

Question 43

experiential

Answer 43

involving or based on experience and observation