Chapter 18 - Urinary System Disorders

Question 1

anasarca

Answer 1

Anasarca is general swelling of the whole body that can occur when the tissues of the body retain too much fluid. The condition is also known as extreme generalized edema.

Question 2

azotemia

Answer 2

Elevated levels of urea and other nitrogen compounds in the blood. It is largely related to insufficient or dysfunctional filtering of blood by the kidneys.

Question 3

osteodystrophy

Answer 3

defective bone development that is usually attributable to renal disease or to disturbances in calcium and phosphorus metabolism

Question 4

nidus

Answer 4

1. a place in which bacteria have multiplied or may multiply; a focus of infection
2. a place where something originates, develops, or is located

Question 5

urinary tract infection (UTI)

Answer 5

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of your urinary system — your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Most infections involve the lower urinary tract — the bladder and the urethra.

Question 6

glomerulonephritis

Answer 6

Damage to the tiny filters inside your kidneys (the glomeruli).

It’s often caused by your immune system attacking healthy body tissue.

Glomerulonephritis does not usually cause any noticeable symptoms. It’s more likely to be diagnosed when blood or urine tests are carried out for another reason.

Question 7

nephrosis

Answer 7

Also called nephrotic syndrome.

Nephrotic syndrome is a kidney disorder that causes your body to pass too much protein in your urine.

Nephrotic syndrome is usually caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in your kidneys that filter waste and excess water from your blood. The condition causes swelling, particularly in your feet and ankles, and increases the risk of other health problems.

Question 8

kidney stone disease

Answer 8

Kidney stone disease, also known as nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis, is when a solid piece of material (kidney stone) develops in the urinary tract.

Question 9

hydronephrosis

Answer 9

the swelling of a kidney due to a build-up of urine

Question 10

nephrosclerosis

Answer 10

Hardening of the walls of the small arteries and arterioles (small arteries that convey blood from arteries to the even smaller capillaries) of the kidney. This condition is caused by hypertension (high blood pressure).

Question 11

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

Answer 11

An inherited disorder in which clusters of cysts develop primarily within your kidneys, causing your kidneys to enlarge and lose function over time.

Question 12

cyst

Answer 12

a closed sac having a distinct membrane and developing abnormally in a cavity or structure of the body

Question 13

nephroblastoma

Answer 13

Wilms’ tumor, also known as nephroblastoma, is a cancer of the kidneys that typically occurs in children, rarely in adults.

Question 14

mode of action (MoA)

Answer 14

a functional or anatomical change, resulting from the exposure of a living organism to a substance

Question 15

pharmacology

Answer 15

the branch of medicine concerned with the uses, effects, and modes of action of drugs

Question 16

Celsius vs Fahrenheit

Answer 16

Both measure temperature.

Celsius is named after the Swedish astronomer Anders Celsius (1701–1744). The freezing point of water in Celsius is 0 degrees and the boiling point is 100 degrees. Most countries use Celsius as their official temperature scale

Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after the Polish–German physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736). In Fahrenheit, water boils at 212 degrees and freezes at 32 degrees. It is most commonly used in the United States in weather forecasts and to describe temperatures inside houses, offices, etc.

Question 17

What is the normal range of body temperature?

Answer 17

The average body temperature is 98.6 F (37 C).

Normal body temperature can range between 97 F (36.1 C) and 99 F (37.2 C) or more. Your body temperature can vary depending on how active you are or the time of day.

The following thermometer readings generally indicate a fever:
Rectal, ear or temporal artery temperature of 100.4 (38 C) or higher
Oral temperature of 100 F (37.8 C) or higher
Armpit temperature of 99 F (37.2 C) or higher

Question 18

What is the hierarchy of the Catholic church?

Answer 18

1. Pope
2. Cardinals
3. Archbishops
4. Bishops
5. Priests
6. Deacons
7. Laity

Question 19

cardinal

Answer 19

1. a priest of the Roman Catholic Church who ranks immediately below the Pope and who is a member of the Sacred College
2. a common North American bird (different breeds have different colors)
3. of the greatest importance; fundamental

Question 20

Sacred College

Answer 20

(Roman Catholic Church) the body of cardinals who advise the Pope and elect new Popes

Question 21

bishop vs archbishop

Answer 21

A bishop oversees a diocese, an archbishop oversees an archdiocese.

A diocese is a territorial jurisdiction. An archdiocese is a very large or important diocese. Every diocese is divided into distinct parts which are known as parishes.

An archbishop therefore is simply a higher-ranking bishop.

Question 22

priest vs deacon

Answer 22

A priest is higher ranked than a deacon.

A priest can celebrate the Mass and all sacraments except the Holy Order while a deacon cannot perform any of the sacraments, but they can preside over services that do not involve the celebration of the Mass.

Question 23

Holy Order

Answer 23

the sacrament by which a layman is made a deacon, a deacon is made a priest, and a priest is made a bishop, dedicated for service to the Church

Question 24

seven sacraments of the Catholic Church

Answer 24

Seven visible rites that are a crucial part of the practices of the Catholic church.

The seven fold list of sacraments is often organized into three categories:

1. the sacraments of initiation into the Church: Baptism, Confirmation, Eucharist 2. the sacraments of healing: Penance and Anointing of the Sick
2. the sacraments of service: Holy Orders and Matrimony.

Question 25

Confirmation (Catholic Church)

Answer 25

the rite at which a baptized person, especially one baptized as an infant, affirms Christian belief and is admitted as a full member of the Church

Question 26

Eucharist (Catholic Church)

Answer 26

the Christian ceremony commemorating the Last Supper, in which bread and wine are consecrated and consumed

Question 27

Mass (Catholic Church)

Answer 27

the central act of worship of the Roman Catholic Church, which culminates in celebration of the sacrament of the Eucharist

Question 28

Anointing of the Sick (Catholic Church)

Answer 28

In the Catholic Church, the Anointing of the sick, also known as Extreme Unction, is a Catholic sacrament that is administered to a Catholic “who, having reached the age of reason, begins to be in danger due to sickness or old age”, except in the case of those who “persevere obstinately in manifest grave sin”.

Danger of death is not required, but only the onset of a medical condition of serious illness or injury or simply old age.

Question 29

Last Rites

Answer 29

In Christianity, the last rites, also known as the Commendation of the Dying, are the last prayers and ministrations given to an individual of the faith, when possible, shortly before death.

Question 30

ministration

Answer 30

the act or process of ministering

Question 31

unction

Answer 31

1. the act of anointing as a rite of consecration or healing
2. religious or spiritual fervor or the expression of such fervor
3. exaggerated, assumed, or superficial earnestness of language or manner

Question 32

laity

singular: layperson

Answer 32

1. the people of a religious faith as distinguished from its clergy
2. the mass of the people as distinguished from those of a particular profession or those specially skilled

Question 33

clergy

Answer 33

the body of all people ordained for religious duties, especially in the Christian Church

Question 34

parish

Answer 34

(in the Christian Church) a small administrative district typically having its own church and a priest or pastor

Question 35

liturgy

Answer 35

the customary public worship performed by a religious group, especially by a Judeo-Christian group

Question 36

coadjutor

Answer 36

a special bishop appointed to assist a diocesan bishop, and often also designated as his successor

Question 37

penance

Answer 37

1. voluntary self-punishment inflicted as an outward expression of repentance for having done wrong
2. a Christian sacrament in which a member of the Church confesses sins to a priest and is given absolution

Question 38

absolution

Answer 38

1. formal release from guilt, obligation, or punishment

2. an ecclesiastical declaration of forgiveness of sins

Question 39

majordomo

Answer 39

A person who speaks, makes arrangements, or takes charge for another. Typically, this is the highest (major) person of a household (domūs or domicile) staff, a head servant who acts on behalf of the owner of a large or significant residence.

Question 40

conclave

Answer 40

1. a private meeting

2. (in the Roman Catholic Church) the assembly of cardinals for the election of a pope

Question 41

consistory

Answer 41

(in the Roman Catholic Church) the council of cardinals, with or without the Pope

(in the Church of England) a court presided over by a bishop, for the administration of ecclesiastical law in a diocese

(in other Churches) a local administrative body

Question 42

cornucopia

Answer 42

1. a symbol of plenty consisting of a goat’s horn overflowing with flowers, fruit, and corn
2. an abundant supply of good things of a specified kind

Question 43

amortization

Answer 43

1. the action or process of reducing or paying off a debt with regular payments.
2. a period in which a debt is reduced or paid off by regular payments.
3. the action or process of gradually writing off the initial cost of an asset
   The cost of business assets can be expensed each year over the life of the asset. The expense amounts are subsequently used as a tax deduction reducing the tax liability for the business.
   (for example, over the course of a 20-year patent term, $1,000 would be recorded each year as an amortization expense if $20,000 was initially spent developing a product)

Question 44

divestment

Answer 44

In finance and economics, divestment or divestiture is the reduction of some kind of asset for financial, ethical, or political objectives or for the sale of an existing business by a firm.

A divestment is the opposite of an investment.

Divestiture is an adaptive change and adjustment of a company’s ownership and business portfolio made to confront with internal and external changes.

Question 45

consecrate

Answer 45

make or declare (something, typically a church) sacred; dedicate formally to a religious or divine purpose

Question 46

earnestness

Answer 46

serious and sincere: not lighthearted or playful

Question 47

anoint

Answer 47

1. to smear or rub with oil or an oily substance
2. to apply oil to as part of a religious ceremony
3. to choose by or as if by divine election