Chapter 16 - Endocrine System Disorders Flashcards
ectopic
occurring in an abnormal position or in an unusual manner or form
livid, lividness
- discolored by bruising
- pale
- reddish
- very angry
clot retraction
the process by which a blood clot becomes smaller and draws the edges of a broken blood vessel together and which involves the shortening of fibrin threads and the squeezing out of excess serum
adenoma
a benign tumor of a glandular structure or of glandular origin
angiopathy
a disease of the blood or lymph vessels
macroangiopathy
A disease of the large blood vessels in which fat and blood clots build up and stick to the vessel walls, blocking the flow of blood.
microangiopathy
A disease of the capillaries (very small blood vessels), in which the capillary walls become so thick and weak that they bleed, leak protein, and slow the flow of blood. For example, diabetes predisposes to the development of microangiopathy in many areas, including the eye.
neuropathy
Damage or dysfunction of one or more nerves that typically results in numbness, tingling, muscle weakness and pain in the affected area. Neuropathies frequently start in your hands and feet, but other parts of your body can be affected too.
neuritis
Inflammation of a nerve or the general inflammation of the peripheral nervous system. Inflammation, and frequently concomitant demyelination, cause impaired transmission of neural signals and leads to aberrant nerve function.
demyelination
causing or characterized by the loss or destruction of myelin (a type of fatty tissue that surrounds and protects nerves throughout the body)
concomitant
Occurring or existing at the same time as something else.
In medicine, it may refer to a condition a person has or a medication a person is taking that is not being studied in the clinical trial he or she is taking part in.
aberrant, aberrance, aberration
- deviating from the usual or natural type
2. straying from the right or normal way
polydipsia
abnormally great thirst as a symptom of disease (such as diabetes) or psychological disturbance
polyphagia
Polyphagia, also known as hyperphagia, is the medical term for excessive or extreme hunger. It’s different than having an increased appetite after exercise or other physical activity. While your hunger level will return to normal after eating in those cases, polyphagia won’t go away if you eat more food. Instead, the underlying cause of your polyphagia needs to be addressed.
osmolarity vs osmolality
Both are the concentration of particles dissolved in a fluid.
Osmolarity is the concentration of particles per 1 liter of solvent.
Osmolality is the concentration of particles per 1 kilogram of solvent.
(the only difference is the unit of measurement)
(remember: solvent is a substance that is able to dissolve other substances, such as water dissolving salt)
osmole
In biochemistry, the amount of a substance that dissociates in solution to form one mole of osmotically active particles.
Osmotically active refers to the fact that the particles become more concentrated and increase the pressure to move the solution out. One great example is glucose.
Glucose is an osmotically active substance that causes the movement of water out of the cells and subsequently reduces serum sodium levels by dilution. (Repeat: It moves water OUT of the cells).
hyperosmolarity
as relates to diabetes
It is a condition in which the blood has a high concentration of salt (sodium), glucose, and other substances. This causes the blood to become concentrated, which then causes the blood to draw water out of the body’s other organs, including the brain.
(Notice the breakdown of the term: hyper + osmolarity.)
candidiasis
A fungal infection due to any type of Candida.
When it affects the mouth, in some countries it is commonly called thrush.
When it affects the penis or vagina, it may be referred to as a yeast infection or thrush.
hyperparathyroidism vs hypoparathyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism is when your parathyroid glands create too much parathyroid hormone in the bloodstream. These glands, located behind the thyroid at the bottom of your neck, are about the size of a grain of rice. The parathyroid glands produce parathyroid hormone.
Hypoparathyroidism is a rare condition where the parathyroid glands, which are in the neck near the thyroid gland, produce too little parathyroid hormone.
Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium levels in the blood, largely by increasing the levels when they are too low.
acromegaly
A disorder in adults in which the pituitary gland produces too much growth hormone.
Acromegaly is usually caused by a noncancerous tumor. Middle-aged adults are most commonly affected.
Symptoms include enlargement of the face, hands, and feet.
toxic vs nontoxic goiter
Toxic goiter: A goiter that is associated with hyperthyroidism is described as a toxic goiter. Examples of toxic goiters include diffuse toxic goiter (Graves disease), toxic multinodular goiter, and toxic adenoma (Plummer disease).
Nontoxic goiter: A goiter without hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism is described as a nontoxic goiter. It may be diffuse or multinodular, but a diffuse goiter often evolves into a nodular goiter. Examination of the thyroid may not reveal small or posterior nodules. Examples of nontoxic goiters include chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis (Hashimoto disease), goiter identified in early Graves disease, endemic goiter, sporadic goiter, congenital goiter, and physiologic goiter that occurs during puberty.
endemic goiter
An iodine-deficiency disease (IDD) that occurs in those areas where the iodine content of the soil is so low that insufficient iodine is obtained through food and water and occurs when no provision is made for supplying iodized salt. This lack of iodine creates a goiter.
physiologic goiter
also called physiological goiter
a goiter caused by hormone production issues during pregnancy or puberty
sporadic goiter
Goiters that, in most cases, have no known cause. In some cases, certain drugs can cause this type of goiter. For example, the drug lithium, which is used to treat certain mental health conditions, as well as other medical conditions, can cause this type of goiter.
congenital goiter
enlargement of the thyroid gland that is present at birth
congenital
(of a disease or physical abnormality) present from birth
(of a person) having a particular trait from birth or by firmly established habit
Graves’ disease
Also called: Basedow’s disease
An immune system disorder of the butterfly-shaped gland in the throat (thyroid).
In this condition, the thyroid overproduces hormones. The condition is more common in women under age 40.
Symptoms include anxiety, hand tremor, heat sensitivity, weight loss, puffy eyes and enlarged thyroid.
goitrogens
compounds that interfere with the normal function of the thyroid gland
exophthalmos
abnormal protrusion of the eyeball or eyeballs
also called bulging eyes
thyroid storm
Also called thyrotoxic crisis.
Thyroid storm is a rare but severe and potentially life-threatening complication of hyperthyroidism (overactivity of the thyroid gland). It is characterized by a high fever (temperatures often above 40 °C/104 °F), fast and often irregular heart beat, elevated blood pressure, vomiting, diarrhea, and agitation.
Hypertension with a wide pulse pressure occurs in early to mid crisis, with hypotension accompanying shock occurring in the late stage. Heart failure and heart attack may occur. Death may occur despite treatment.
Most episodes occur either in those with known hyperthyroidism whose treatment has been stopped or become ineffective, or in those with untreated mild hyperthyroidism who have developed an intercurrent illness (such as an infection).
Hashimoto’s disease
Also called: chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis
A condition in which your immune system attacks your thyroid, a small gland at the base of your neck below your Adam’s apple. The thyroid gland is part of your endocrine system, which produces hormones that coordinate many of your body’s functions.
myxedema
another term for severely advanced hypothyroidism
pheochromocytoma (PCC)
fee-o-kroe-moe-sy-TOE-muh
a rare, usually noncancerous (benign) tumor that develops in an adrenal gland
pontificate
(verb) to speak or express opinions in a pompous or dogmatic way
(noun) In the Roman Catholic Church, the office or tenure of pope or bishop.
pompous
- characterized by an ostentatious display of dignity or importance
- having or exhibiting self-importance: arrogant
ostentatious
attracting or seeking to attract attention, admiration, or envy often by gaudiness or obviousness
overly elaborate or conspicuous
characterized by, fond of, or evincing ostentation
evince, evincing, evinced
- to make something obvious or show something clearly
2. provide evidence
ostentation
excessive display: vain and unnecessary show especially for the purpose of attracting attention, admiration, or envy
pretentious
attempting to impress by affecting greater importance, talent, culture, etc., than is actually possessed
elaborate
(adjective) made or done with great care or with much detail: having many parts that are carefully arranged or planned
(verb) to add more information or explain something that you have said
conspicuous
- very easy to see or notice
2. attracting attention by being great or impressive
obviousness
noun form of obvious: easily discovered, seen, or understood
gaudy
- ostentatiously or tastelessly ornamented
2. marked by extravagance or sometimes tasteless showiness
showy
showier, showiest
showily
showiness
- making an attractive show
2. given to or marked by a flashy often tasteless display
outlandish
- of or relating to another country: FOREIGN
- strikingly out of the ordinary: BIZARRE
- exceeding proper or reasonable limits or standards
- remote from civilization
intercurrent
occurring during and modifying the course of another disease (e.g. an intercurrent infection)
pulse pressure
Pulse pressure is the difference between your systolic blood pressure, which is the top number of your blood pressure reading, and diastolic blood pressure, which is the bottom number.
Doctors can use pulse pressure as an indicator of how well your heart is working.
A high pulse pressure is sometimes called a wide pulse pressure. This is because there’s a large or wide difference between the systolic and diastolic pressure. Wide pulse pressure can indicate a change in your heart’s structure or function.
A low pulse pressure is a small difference between your systolic and diastolic pressure. In some cases, a low pulse pressure can also be a sign of a poorly functioning heart.
To calculate your pulse pressure, all you have to do is subtract the bottom number from the top number.
Example: If your blood pressure was 120/80 mmHg, the pulse pressure would be 120-80=40.
agitation
- a state of anxiety or nervous excitement
- the action of briskly stirring or disturbing something, especially a liquid
- a feeling of aggravation, annoyance, or restlessness brought on by provocation or, in some cases, little to no provocation
- a persistent and sustained attempt to arouse public feeling or influence public opinion (as by appeals, discussions, or demonstrations)
provocation
- the act of provoking
2. something that provokes, arouses, or stimulates
incite
incitement
- to cause (someone) to act in an angry, harmful, or violent way
- to cause (an angry, harmful, or violent action or feeling)
aggravation
- an act or circumstance that intensifies something or makes something worse
- an irritation or provocation
- to rouse to displeasure or anger by usually persistent and often petty goading
goad
(verb) provoke or annoy (someone) so as to stimulate some action or reaction
(verb) drive or urge (an animal) on with a goad
(noun) a stick with a pointed or electrically charged end, for driving cattle, oxen, etc.
pontiff
- any high or chief priest
2. the pope of the Catholic Church
epidemic vs pandemic
An epidemic is a disease that affects a large number of people within a community, population, or region. A pandemic is an epidemic that has spread to multiple countries or continents across the world.
diffuse goiter vs glandular goiter
A goiter can be smooth and uniformly enlarged, called diffuse goiter, or it can be caused by one or more nodules within the gland, called nodular goiter.
Nodules may be solid, filled with fluid, or partly fluid and partly solid.
