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Biology 201-Cell Biology > Chapter 9- Lecture Outline > Flashcards

Chapter 9- Lecture Outline Flashcards

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1
Q

Metabolism II

A

Flows into an ecosystem as sunlight and leaves as heat

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2
Q

¥ Catabolic Pathways: (3 things)

A

¥ Yield energy by oxidizing organic fuels
¥ The breakdown of organic molecules is exergonic
¥ Results in the production of ATP

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3
Q

¥ Two types of pathways:

A

Ð Fermentation

Ð Cellular respiration

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4
Q

¥ Metabolism involves the transfer of electrons

Ð These are oxidation reduction reactions: ____________________

A

Redox reactions

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5
Q

¥ Molecules can ___________ or ____________ electrons

A

accept or donate

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6
Q

Ð _____________= accepted electrons

Ð ____________= donated electrons

A

Reduced

Oxidized

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7
Q

__________________
Ð A molecule is reduced when it gains an electron
Ð A molecule is reduced when it gains a proton and an electron
¥ A hydrogen atom

A

¥ Reduction

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8
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Ð	Three ways to oxidize a molecule
¥	Losing a hydrogen atom
¥	 Losing an electron
¥	By gaining an oxygen atom
A

¥ Oxidation

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9
Q

Ð Carrier Molecules

A

Ð Electrons are not bouncing around free in the cytoplasm

¥ Are transferred on carrier molecules

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10
Q

Carrier molecules are usually Usually transferred in the form of a

A

Hydrogen Atom

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11
Q

Ð Carrier molecules

A

¥ Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotid (NAD + )
¥ Nicotinamide adenine Dinucleotide phosphate (NADP+)
¥ Flavine adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)

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12
Q

In a Redox reaction the carrier molecule is

A

NAD+

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13
Q

¥ Respiration is a cumulative function of three metabolic stages

A

Ð Glycolysis
Ð The Citric Acid Cycle
Ð Electron Transport Chain

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14
Q

The purpose of Cellular Respiration is to make

A

ATP

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15
Q

=Overview of Cellular Respiration

A

(Glucose Catabolism)

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16
Q

Glycolysis takes place is the

A

cytosol

17
Q

Ð Glycolysis is the first step

A

¥ This splits glucose into two pyruvate
¥ Produces a net of two ATP
¥ Produces a net of two NADH+ H+

18
Q

The pyruvate can go to fermentation to produce

A

acid or alcohol

19
Q

Ð The Pyruvate can go to the Kreb’s cycle in the ______________

A 
mitochondria 
¥	This will produce
Ð	 CO2
Ð	NADH+ H+
Ð	FADH2
20
Q

¥ The carrier molecules send electrons to the

—

A

ETC

21
Q

Ð The ETC

A

¥ Takes the electrons
¥ Uses them to pump hydrogen ions across a membrane
¥ Uses this energy for producing ATP

22
Q

¥ Glycolysis

A

Ð Means “splitting of sugar”
Ð Breaks down glucose into pyruvate
Ð Occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell
Ð harvests energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate

23
Q

¥ Glycolysis consists of two

(4) major phases

A

Ð Energy investment phase
Ð Energy payoff phase
Ð Glycolysis energy investment phase
Ð Glucose

24
Q 
¥	Receives a phosphate
¥	Changed to Fructose-6-phosphate 
¥	Receives another phosphate 
Ð	Now, Fructose 1,6-phosphate 
¥	It is now split
Ð	G-3-p
Ð	DHAP
Costs 2 ATP
A

Energy Investment Phase

25
Q 
Each G-3-P gets an inorganic phosphate
¥	Makes 2 NADH in the process
¥	Becomes 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate  
Ð	Phosphate is taken off the 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate  
¥	Forms ATP (Two total) 
¥	Forms 3-phosphoglycerate 
Ð	3-phosphoglycerate is changed to 2 phosphoglycerate 
Ð	2 phosphoglycerate 
¥	Loses H2O and becomes phosphopheonolpyruvate 
Ð	Phosphopheonolpyruvate
¥	Loses the Phosphate  2ATP
¥	Forms Pyruvate
A

¥ The Glycolysis Energy Payoff Phase (Conservation)

26
Q

¥ The Citric Acid Cycle

A

Ð Completes the energy-yielding oxidation of organic molecules
Ð Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion
¥ Pyruvate is taken to the matrix
¥ Is converted to acetyl CoA
Ð Forms another NADH
Ð Loses a CO2
Ð Acetyl CoA enters the Citric Acid cycle

27
Q

¥ The Citric Acid Cycle

Ð Completes the energy-yielding oxidation of

A

organic molecules

28
Q

Ð Takes place in the matrix of the mitochondrion

A

¥ Pyruvate is taken to the matrix
¥ Is converted to acetyl CoA
Ð Forms another NADH
Ð Loses a CO2

29
Q

¥ The Citric Acid Cycle (Kreb‘s Cycle)

A 
Ð	 Acetyl-CoA Enters the Cycle
Ð	 Loses the CoA
Ð	The two carbons join the 4 of oxaloacetic acid 
¥	This is now Citric Acid
Ð	This will oxidize the rest of the glucose
¥	Lose Hydrogen Atoms  to three NAD+
¥	Lose Hydrogen atoms to FAD
¥	Gives offs TwoCO2
Make an ATP
30
Q

¥ After the Citric Acid Cycle

Ð NADH+H+ and FADH2 go to the ETC

A 
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Ð	During oxidative phosphorylation, chemiosmosis couples electron transport to ATP synthesis
Ð	NADH and FADH2
¥	Donate electrons to the electron transport chain
¥	powers ATP synthesis 
¥	The Electron Transport Chain
Ð	A series of redox reactions
Ð	 starts with NADH+ H+ or FADH2
Ð	 Electrons are passed to membrane bound Carrier molecules
¥	 FMN
¥	Coq
¥	Cyt b
¥	Cyt c1
¥	Cyt c
¥	Cyt a
¥	Cyt a3
¥	 Final electron acceptor is 02
Ð	 For aerobic Respiration
Ð	This pumps Hydrogen ions out of a prokaryote
31
Q

__________________
Ð The Energy-Coupling Mechanism
Ð Uses energy in the form of a H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work
Ð The resulting H+ gradient
¥ Stores energy
¥ Drives chemiosmosis in ATP synthase
¥ Is referred to as a proton-motive force
Ð ATP synthase
¥ H+ Go back to the matrix through ATP synthase
¥ Is the enzyme that actually makes ATP
¥ Net ATP Per Glucose Equals Approximately 36

A

Ð Chemiosmosis

32
Q

Ð Two net ATP from Glycolysis
Ð Two ATP from the Citric Acid Cycle
Ð Each NADH =3ATP

A

¥ Two NADH from Glycolysis
¥ Two NADH fro pyruvate to acetyl CoA
¥ 6 from the Citric Acid cycle
¥ (6+2+2)3=30 ATP

33
Q

Ð Minus two ATP due to the shuttle for pyruvate

A

¥ Fermentation

34
Q

Ð Each FADH2 =2 ATP

A

¥ Two FADH2 from the citric acid cycle

¥ (2)2=4 ATP

35
Q

¥ About 40% of the energy

A

Ð Is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making approximately 38 ATP
Ð Actually 36 to 32

36
Q

¥ Fermentation

A

Ð When there are no final electron acceptors

37
Q

¥ Pyruvate goes the other way

A

Ð The partial oxidation of sugar

Ð Uses an organic molecule to accept electrons

38
Q

¥ NADH is oxidized to NAD+

Ð This is the main function of fermentation

A

¥ If a CO2 is lost from pyruvate ethanol is produced
¥ If pyruvate is reduced it becomes lactic acid
Ð The Evolutionary Significance of Glycolysis

39
Q

__________________
Ð Occurs in nearly all organisms
Ð Probably evolved in ancient prokaryotes before there was oxygen in the atmosphere

A

¥ Glycolysis

Biology 201-Cell Biology (27 decks)

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