Chapter 1- Lecture Flashcards
Discovery of Cells:
- Englishman
- Made his own compound microscope
- Looked at a thin section of Cork under a microscope
- he saw what he described as many compartments or _________
- Published micrographia, but was ridiculed for wasting his time
Robert Hooke
Cells
Discovery of Cells
- Made simple microscopes
- Looked at pond water and teeth scrapings
- Described many types of small organisms
- Even described the _____________
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek
Chloroplasts
Discovery of Cells
- English Botanists
- Stated that every plant cell contained a _________
Robert Brown
Nucleus
The Development of Cell Theory
- was a lawyer
- looked at plant cells
- plant embryos come from _______________
Matthias Schneiden
One Cell
The Development of Cell Theory
- German Zoologist
- Noted that all Animals are _________
Theodore Schwan
made of Cells
What are the first two tenants of Cell theory?
- All organisms are made of Cells
- The cell is the smallest structural unit of life
The Development of Cell Theory
- German Pathologist
- he discovered the third tenant of Cell Theory:_____________________________
Rudolf Virchow
All Cells come from pre-existing cells
The Development of Cell theory
- disproved spontaneous generation
- Linked living organisms to processes such as _____________
Louis Pasteur
Fermentation
The Development of Cell Theory
- studied the Nervous System
- thought the Nervous System was syncytium, a single cell or cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei, formed by fusion of cells or by division of nuclei.
- he developed the stain to see the ____________
Camillo Golgi
Golgi Apparatus
a single cell or cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei, formed by fusion of cells or by division of nuclei.
syncytium
this allows for more detailed viewing of: ________
- cell membranes
- organelles
- cellular junctions
- cytoskeleton
- synapses
Electron Microscopy
Cells
invented by german scientists
Development of Biochemical Aspects:
- first to make and organic compound out of inorganic compounds
- was able to produce urea
Frederich Wholer
Development of Biochemical Aspects:
- discovered ____________
- used yeast cell extracts can cause fermentation
- living cells are not required to carry out biochemical reactions
Eduard and Hans Buchner
enzymes
Development of Biochemical Aspects:
- developed centrifugation
- Developed a method to isolate organelles and macromolecules
Svedberg
Genetics and Molecular Biology:
- published the _________________
- called mendelian genetics
- developed the principles of
- segregation of heredity factors
- independent assortment of Hereditary Factors
Gregor Mendel
“Laws of Genetics”
Genetics and Molecular Biology:
First to isolate DNA from pus and salmon sperm
he called this Nuclein
Johann Friedrich Miescher
Genetics and Molecular Biology:
Described _________ in dividing cells
chromosomes
Genetics and Molecular Biology:
- links chromosomes to heredity factors
- developed the chromosomal theory of inheritance
Walter Sutton
Genetics and Molecular Biology:
- Links specific traits to chromosomes
- he developed ________________
Thomas Hunt Morgan Sturtevant
genetic mapping
Genetics and Molecular Biology:
- he developed the ____________
- used Streptococcus rough and smooth strands
Frederich Griffith
transforming principle
Genetics and Molecular Biology:
- demonstrated that DNA must carry the genetic information not protein
- not totally accepted
Oswald Avery
Colin Macleod and Macyn McCarty
Genetics and Molecular Biology:
-final proof for genetic and molecular material using ______________________
isotopes
Genetics and Molecular Biology:
- used Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray crystallography
- created the ___________ model of DNA
- credited for the discovery of _____________
James Watson and Francis Crick
Double Helix
DNA
Modern Molecular Biology:
-developed early methods of sequencing
Fredrick Sangar
Modern Molecular Biology:
- Development of Recombinant DNA
- Started the company Genentech
Herbert Boyer and Stanly Cohen
Modern Molecular Biology:
-developed PCR
Kary Mullis
Modern Molecular Biology:
- human genome project
- directed the national institutes of Health National Human genome research institute efforts
Francis Collins
___________________ is the study of life
biology
What are some of the questions that scientists ask?
- how does a single cell develop into an organism
- how does the human mind work
- how do living things interact in communities
Life is recognized by what ____________________
living beings do
What are the five unifying themes of biology?
- organization
- information
- energy and matter
- interactions
- evolution
the number of properties increase at _______________
successive levels of biological organization
Life is divided into _______________
different levels of biological organization
result from the arrangement of parts within a system
emergent properties
at any level of biology we find a correlation between _____________ and _______________
structure and function
an organisms smallest unit of life and most basic unit of structure and function
a cell
a cell is the smallest unit that can perform all the ________________ necessary for ________________
functions, life
every cell is inclosed by a ____________ which regulates ________________________________________
cell membrane
the passage of materials between the cell and its environment
a type of cell which is complex and contains membrane bound organelles, the largest of which is a nucleus
eukaryotic cells
is simpler and usually small, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles
prokaryotic cells
Life processes involve the _________ and _________ of genetic information
expression and transmission
within the cells nucleus, chromosomes carry _________
DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
__________ encode information for building the molecules synthesized within the cell
genes
genes are _________________
units of inheritance
___________ controls the development and maintenance of organisms
DNA
Each DNA molecule is made up of two long chains arranged in ____________
a double helix
Each DNA chain is mad up of four kinds of chemical building blocks called _________________
nucleotides named C, G, T, A
genes control the production of ________
proteins
DNA is _______________ into _______ which is then ____________ into ______________
transcribed into RNA which is translated into proteins
is the process of converting information from genes to cellular products
gene expression
an organisms’ ______________ is its entire set of __________ which has been sequenced
genome, genetic instructions
is the study of sets of genes within and between species
genomics
is the study of whole sets of proteins encoded by the genome
proteomics
which is the use of computational tools to process a large volume of data
bioinformatics
an organism’s interactions with other organisms and the physical environment
ecosystems
at the ecosystem level each organism______________________________
interacts continuously with other organisms
these interactions could be beneficial or harmful to one or both organisms
organisms continuously interact with the physical factors in their environment and
the environment is affected by the organisms living there and so are the organisms (adaptation)
approximately _______ species have been identified and named but their is estimated to exists __________________ species
1.8 million
10-100 million
the branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth
taxonomy
_______ and _______ are the two broadest units of classification
Domains and Kingdoms
Organisms are classified into three domains
bacteria, archaea, eukaryia
these domains are entirely prokaryotes
bacteria and archaea
the genetic language common to all organisms
DNA
Evolutionary relationships are often illustrated in ___________ that show ancestors and descendant
ancestral trees or tree like diagrams
scientists make observations and ___________
hypothesis
_____________ is derived from Latin and means to know
science
is the search for information and explanations of natural phenomena
inquiry
The scientific process included: making ____, forming _____________, and ___________ them
observations, hypothesis, testing them
___________ is recorded observations
____________________ often takes the form of recorded descriptions
__________________ are generally expressed as numerical measurement, organized into tables and graphs
data
qualitative data
quantitative data
draws conclusion through the logical process of ________, conclusion to premises
inductive reasoning, induction
a tentative answer to a well-framed scientific question
hypothesis
uses general premises to make specific predictions
deductive reasoning
- broader in scope than a hypothesis
- general, and can lead to a new testable hypothesis
- supported by a large body of evidence
a scientific theory
