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Biology 201-Cell Biology > Chapter 1- Lecture > Flashcards

Chapter 1- Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

Discovery of Cells:

  • Englishman
  • Made his own compound microscope
  • Looked at a thin section of Cork under a microscope
  • he saw what he described as many compartments or _________
  • Published micrographia, but was ridiculed for wasting his time
A

Robert Hooke

Cells

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2
Q

Discovery of Cells

  • Made simple microscopes
  • Looked at pond water and teeth scrapings
  • Described many types of small organisms
  • Even described the _____________
A

Anton Von Leeuwenhoek

Chloroplasts

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3
Q

Discovery of Cells

  • English Botanists
  • Stated that every plant cell contained a _________
A

Robert Brown

Nucleus

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4
Q

The Development of Cell Theory

  • was a lawyer
  • looked at plant cells
  • plant embryos come from _______________
A

Matthias Schneiden

One Cell

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5
Q

The Development of Cell Theory

  • German Zoologist
  • Noted that all Animals are _________
A

Theodore Schwan

made of Cells

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6
Q

What are the first two tenants of Cell theory?

A
  • All organisms are made of Cells

- The cell is the smallest structural unit of life

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7
Q

The Development of Cell Theory

  • German Pathologist
  • he discovered the third tenant of Cell Theory:_____________________________
A

Rudolf Virchow

All Cells come from pre-existing cells

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8
Q

The Development of Cell theory

  • disproved spontaneous generation
  • Linked living organisms to processes such as _____________
A

Louis Pasteur

Fermentation

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9
Q

The Development of Cell Theory

  • studied the Nervous System
  • thought the Nervous System was syncytium, a single cell or cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei, formed by fusion of cells or by division of nuclei.
  • he developed the stain to see the ____________
A

Camillo Golgi

Golgi Apparatus

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10
Q

a single cell or cytoplasmic mass containing several nuclei, formed by fusion of cells or by division of nuclei.

A

syncytium

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11
Q

this allows for more detailed viewing of: ________

  • cell membranes
  • organelles
  • cellular junctions
  • cytoskeleton
  • synapses
A

Electron Microscopy

Cells

invented by german scientists

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12
Q

Development of Biochemical Aspects:

  • first to make and organic compound out of inorganic compounds
  • was able to produce urea
A

Frederich Wholer

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13
Q

Development of Biochemical Aspects:

  • discovered ____________
  • used yeast cell extracts can cause fermentation
  • living cells are not required to carry out biochemical reactions
A

Eduard and Hans Buchner

enzymes

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14
Q

Development of Biochemical Aspects:

  • developed centrifugation
  • Developed a method to isolate organelles and macromolecules
A

Svedberg

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15
Q

Genetics and Molecular Biology:

  • published the _________________
  • called mendelian genetics
  • developed the principles of
    - segregation of heredity factors
    - independent assortment of Hereditary Factors
A

Gregor Mendel

“Laws of Genetics”

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16
Q

Genetics and Molecular Biology:
First to isolate DNA from pus and salmon sperm
he called this Nuclein

A

Johann Friedrich Miescher

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17
Q

Genetics and Molecular Biology:

Described _________ in dividing cells

A

chromosomes

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18
Q

Genetics and Molecular Biology:

  • links chromosomes to heredity factors
  • developed the chromosomal theory of inheritance
A

Walter Sutton

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19
Q

Genetics and Molecular Biology:

  • Links specific traits to chromosomes
  • he developed ________________
A

Thomas Hunt Morgan Sturtevant

genetic mapping

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20
Q

Genetics and Molecular Biology:

  • he developed the ____________
  • used Streptococcus rough and smooth strands
A

Frederich Griffith

transforming principle

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21
Q

Genetics and Molecular Biology:

  • demonstrated that DNA must carry the genetic information not protein
  • not totally accepted
A

Oswald Avery

Colin Macleod and Macyn McCarty

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22
Q

Genetics and Molecular Biology:

-final proof for genetic and molecular material using ______________________

A

isotopes

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23
Q

Genetics and Molecular Biology:

  • used Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray crystallography
  • created the ___________ model of DNA
  • credited for the discovery of _____________
A

James Watson and Francis Crick
Double Helix
DNA

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24
Q

Modern Molecular Biology:

-developed early methods of sequencing

A

Fredrick Sangar

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25
Q

Modern Molecular Biology:

  • Development of Recombinant DNA
  • Started the company Genentech
A

Herbert Boyer and Stanly Cohen

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26
Q

Modern Molecular Biology:

-developed PCR

A

Kary Mullis

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27
Q

Modern Molecular Biology:

  • human genome project
  • directed the national institutes of Health National Human genome research institute efforts
A

Francis Collins

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28
Q

___________________ is the study of life

A

biology

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29
Q

What are some of the questions that scientists ask?

A
  • how does a single cell develop into an organism
  • how does the human mind work
  • how do living things interact in communities
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30
Q

Life is recognized by what ____________________

A

living beings do

31
Q

What are the five unifying themes of biology?

A
  • organization
  • information
  • energy and matter
  • interactions
  • evolution
32
Q

the number of properties increase at _______________

A

successive levels of biological organization

33
Q

Life is divided into _______________

A

different levels of biological organization

34
Q

result from the arrangement of parts within a system

A

emergent properties

35
Q

at any level of biology we find a correlation between _____________ and _______________

A

structure and function

36
Q

an organisms smallest unit of life and most basic unit of structure and function

A

a cell

37
Q

a cell is the smallest unit that can perform all the ________________ necessary for ________________

A

functions, life

38
Q

every cell is inclosed by a ____________ which regulates ________________________________________

A

cell membrane

the passage of materials between the cell and its environment

39
Q

a type of cell which is complex and contains membrane bound organelles, the largest of which is a nucleus

A

eukaryotic cells

40
Q

is simpler and usually small, and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles

A

prokaryotic cells

41
Q

Life processes involve the _________ and _________ of genetic information

A

expression and transmission

42
Q

within the cells nucleus, chromosomes carry _________

A

DNA deoxyribonucleic acid

43
Q

__________ encode information for building the molecules synthesized within the cell

A

genes

44
Q

genes are _________________

A

units of inheritance

45
Q

___________ controls the development and maintenance of organisms

A

DNA

46
Q

Each DNA molecule is made up of two long chains arranged in ____________

A

a double helix

47
Q

Each DNA chain is mad up of four kinds of chemical building blocks called _________________

A

nucleotides named C, G, T, A

48
Q

genes control the production of ________

A

proteins

49
Q

DNA is _______________ into _______ which is then ____________ into ______________

A

transcribed into RNA which is translated into proteins

50
Q

is the process of converting information from genes to cellular products

A

gene expression

51
Q

an organisms’ ______________ is its entire set of __________ which has been sequenced

A

genome, genetic instructions

52
Q

is the study of sets of genes within and between species

A

genomics

53
Q

is the study of whole sets of proteins encoded by the genome

A

proteomics

54
Q

which is the use of computational tools to process a large volume of data

A

bioinformatics

55
Q

an organism’s interactions with other organisms and the physical environment

A

ecosystems

56
Q

at the ecosystem level each organism______________________________

A

interacts continuously with other organisms

these interactions could be beneficial or harmful to one or both organisms

57
Q

organisms continuously interact with the physical factors in their environment and

A

the environment is affected by the organisms living there and so are the organisms (adaptation)

58
Q

approximately _______ species have been identified and named but their is estimated to exists __________________ species

A

1.8 million

10-100 million

59
Q

the branch of biology that names and classifies species into groups of increasing breadth

A

taxonomy

60
Q

_______ and _______ are the two broadest units of classification

A

Domains and Kingdoms

61
Q

Organisms are classified into three domains

A

bacteria, archaea, eukaryia

62
Q

these domains are entirely prokaryotes

A

bacteria and archaea

63
Q

the genetic language common to all organisms

A

DNA

64
Q

Evolutionary relationships are often illustrated in ___________ that show ancestors and descendant

A

ancestral trees or tree like diagrams

65
Q

scientists make observations and ___________

A

hypothesis

66
Q

_____________ is derived from Latin and means to know

A

science

67
Q

is the search for information and explanations of natural phenomena

A

inquiry

68
Q

The scientific process included: making ____, forming _____________, and ___________ them

A

observations, hypothesis, testing them

69
Q

___________ is recorded observations
____________________ often takes the form of recorded descriptions
__________________ are generally expressed as numerical measurement, organized into tables and graphs

A

data

qualitative data

quantitative data

70
Q

draws conclusion through the logical process of ________, conclusion to premises

A

inductive reasoning, induction

71
Q

a tentative answer to a well-framed scientific question

A

hypothesis

72
Q

uses general premises to make specific predictions

A

deductive reasoning

73
Q
  • broader in scope than a hypothesis
  • general, and can lead to a new testable hypothesis
  • supported by a large body of evidence
A

a scientific theory

Biology 201-Cell Biology (27 decks)

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