Chapter 5-Personal Outline Flashcards
______________: polymers built from monomers. A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules usually dehydration reactions. Polysaccharides, proteins, and nucleic acids, are macromolecules.
Macromolecules:
________________: a long molecule consisting of many similar or identical building blocks (monomers) linked by covalent bonds.
Polymer:
_____________________________: the repeating units that serve as building blocks of a polymer; they are small molecules.
Monomers:
______________: specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions.
Enzymes:
___________________: Monomers are connected by this reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other, with the loss of a water molecule.
Dehydration Reaction:
________________: polymers are disassembled into monomers by this process, in which the reverse of dehydration occurs. The bond between monomers in broken by an additional water molecule.
Hydrolysis:
_____________________: are very diverse because there are between 40-50 monomers discovered and each polymer is made up of different numbers and types of polymers; just like words made up of the alphabet.
Polymers
_________________; includes sugars and polymers of sugars. They can be aldehydes are ketones. One of 3 types of polymers.
Carbohydrates:
________________: The simplest carbohydrates. Ex- glucose, fructose, galactose
Monosaccharaides:
______________: are double sugars, consisting of two or more monosaccharaides joined by a glycosidic link, covalent bond Ex-Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose
Disaccharides:
______________: a complex chain of sugars consisting of multiple Monosaccharaides. Ex- starch, glycogen
Polysaccharides:
________________: a covalent bond formed between two monosaccharaides in a dehydration reaction.
Glycosidic linkage:
_______________: both plants and animals store this for later. A polymer of glucose monomers. The use it as granules within cellular structures known as plastids, which include chloroplasts.
Starch:
______________; a polymer of glucose. That is amylopectin but more extensively branched. Vertebrates use glycogen mainly in the liver and muscle cells.
Glycogen:
___________: Organisms use this to build strong materials for structural purposes. It is a major component of the tough walls that enclose plants. It is a polymer of glucose.
Cellulose:
_________________: an important structural polysaccharide. Insects and spiders use it to build their exoskeleton, a hard case that surrounds the animal
Chitin:
________________: hydrophobic large biological molecules.
Lipids:
_____________: they are constructed from a glycerol and a fatty acid. They are relatively non polar. The fatty acid chain is what makes them hydrophobic
Fats:
____________: an alcohol
glycerol
___________; a long carbon skeleton
Fatty Acid:
_________________; three fatty acids linked to one glycerol tail.
Triacylglycerol:
__________________: a fatty acid with no double body. These stack easy. They are solids at room temperature.
Saturated Fatty Acid
___________: a fatty acid containing one or more double bonds. These can contain prefixes that will tell you how many double bonds. Such as mono or di. These are liquid at room temperature.
Unsaturated Fatty Acid:
_____________: an unsaturated fat formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils. They contain one or trans double bonds.
Trans Fats:
______________: similar to fat molecules has only two fatty acids attached to a glycerol. They are typically charged or polar and contain a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tails.
Phospholipids:
____________: lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings. Different chemical groups attached characterize different steroids.
Steroids:
____________; a type of steroid is crucial molecule in animals specifically in their cardiovascular.
Cholesterol:
_________________: chemical agents that selectively speed up chemical reactions without being consumed by the reaction.
Catalysts:
________________: the bond between amino acids, a covalent bond
Peptide Bond:
_________: a polymer of amino acids.
Polypeptide:
_________________; a biologically functional molecule made up of one or more polypeptides. They have a variety of functions such as producing enzymes, storage proteins, hormonal proteins, contractile, motor, and defensive, transport, and receptor, and structural proteins.
Protein:
________________________: the sequence of amino acids in a line or backbone.
Primary Protein structure:
____________________: made of two primary protein structures often forms a double helix or a pleated sheet.
Secondary Protein structure:
____________________: made of a polypeptide backbone and it includes two secondary protein structures
Tertiary Protein structures:
_____________________: made of four identical polypeptides.
Quaternary Protein structure:
_______________: an organic molecule with both amino acid groups and a carboxyl group
Amino Acids:
_________________; a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every 4 amino acids
Theta Helix:
___________________: polypeptide chaining lying side by side connected by hydrogen bonding
Beta pleated sheet:
_______________; a type of weak chemical reaction that occurs when molecules that don’t mix with water coalesce to exclude water.
Hydrophobic interactions:
_______________: a strong narrow covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to another cytosine monomer
Disulfide Bridges:
______________: an inherited blood disorder it is caused by the substitution of one amino acid valine for the normal one.
Sickle Cell Disease:
________________: If PH, salt concentration, or temperature aspect of the environment changed the weak interactions and chemical bonds, the protein or enzyme may be destroyed and unraveled.
Denaturation:
_____________: reverses denaturation
Renaturation:
_________________: protein molecules that assists in the proper folding’s of other proteins
Chaperonins:
______________: a technique used to study the three-dimensional structures of molecules. It depends on the diffraction of an X ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystalized molecule.
XRAY crystallography:
___________________: the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a discrete unit of inheritance of this. They consist of DNA and belong to a class of nucleic acids.
Gene:
______________________: polymers made of monomers called nucleotides.
Nucleic Acids:
__________________: provides directions for its own replication
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
_________________: synthesizes DNA controls protein production
Ribonucleic acid (RNA):
_________________: The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead functions as RNA’s, DNA to RNA to Proteins.
Gene Expression:
________________: nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers called polynucleotides. They are composed of monomers called nucleotides.
Polynucleotides:
__________________: composed of a 5-chain sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
Nucleotides:
________________: T, A, G, C, U
Nitrogenous Bases:
_______________: The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead functions as RNA’s, DNA to RNA to Proteins.
Gene Expression:
__________________: nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers called polynucleotides. They are composed of monomers called nucleotides.
Polynucleotides:
___________________: composed of a 5-chain sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
Nucleotides:
________________: T, A, G, C, U
Nitrogenous Bases:
________________: has one six membered ring of carbon and nitrogen atoms. C, U, T
Pyrimidine:
_________________: are larger 6 membrane fused to a 5 membered ring. A, G,
Purines:
______________: A DNA molecule has two polysaccharide chains that wind in this shape.
Double Helix:
_____________: the two strands in a DNA double helix run in this direction
Antiparallel:
_______________: the study of or the analyzes large sets of genes or whole genomes
Genomics:
_______________: a study of or analysis of large sets of proteins
Proteomics:
