Chapter 3-Personal Outline Flashcards
______________: the molecule that supports all of life
Water:
_______________: a covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and other atoms slightly positive
Polar Covalent Bonds:
______________: an unequal sharing of electrons meaning that the overall change charge is unevenly distributed
Polar Molecule:
The properties of water arise from attractions between
oppositely charged atoms of different molecules
_________________: a type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to a slightly negative atom or a polar covalent bond in another molecule
Hydrogen Bonds:
________________: a phenomenon where the hydrogen bonds, or any weak chemical bond, hold the water, or any substance together.
Cohesion:
_______________: the clinging of one substance or another. This also plays a role in the cohesion of water molecules.
Adhesion:
Cohesion and Adhesion help water be transferred against gravity in
the roots of plants as well as through out the body.
_________________: a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. A spider can walk across the surface of a pond with out breaking the surface tension
Surface Tension:
________________: anything, that moves, has this, the energy of motion.
Kinetic Energy:
____________________: The kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules. It is related to temperature.
Thermal Energy:
____________________: a measure of energy that represents the average kinetic energy of molecules in a body of mater.
Temperature:
______________: thermal energy that is transferred from one body to another
Heat:
____________: the unit of heat. A calorie is the amount of heat necessary to raise 1 g of water 1*c
calorie (cal):
___________________; 1,000 calories. The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water 1*c. These are the calories on food
Calorie (kcal):
a unit of energy
Joule (j):
The ability for water to stabilize heat is because of waters
High Specific Heat capacity
________________; the amount of heat absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature 1*c
Specific Heat:
___________________; the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from liquid to gas.
Heat of Vaporization:
___________________: as a liquid evaporates, the surface of that liquid that remains behind cools down. This occurs because the hottest molecules, those with the greatest kinetic energy are the ones that left as gas.
Evaporative cooling:
Ice floats due to its _____________. Water is the most dense at 4c, but does not freeze until 0c. When ice freezes it crystalize and expands. Because ice floats it protects deeper water from harsh temperatures and it allows marine life to survive cold winters.
lower density in a solid state
______________; a liquid that is a complete homogenous mixture of two or more substances
Solution:
______________: the dissolving liquid in a solution
Solvent:
________________: is the substance that is dissolved in the solute
Solute:
________________: a solution in which the solvent is water
Aqueous Solution:
______________: the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion
Hydration shell:
________________: any substance that has an affinity for water (likes it)
Hydrophilic:
_________________: any substance that does not have an affinity (a fear) for water like oil
Hydrophobic
____________________: the sum of all the atoms in a molecule usually calculated in the AMU
Molecular Mass:
_________________: the unit we use to measure the weight of substance
Mole (mol):
__________________: 6.02 x 10^23
Avogadro’s number:
________________: the number of moles of solute per liters of solution
Molarity:
__________________; H+ ion, a single proton with the charge of +1
Hydrogen Ion:
________________: OH- which has a charge of -1
Hydroxide Ion:
____________: H3O+ when a hydrogen ion bonds to water
Hydronium:
____________: a substance that has an increase in hydrogen ions in the solution, has a PH of (0-7), gives off hydrogen ions
Acid:
____________: a substance with a reduce number of hydrogen ions and an increase in hydroxide ions, has a PH of (7-14), accepts hydrogen ions
Base:
__________: water is neutral, has a PH of 7.
Neutral:
___________: -log[H+]
PH
_____________: a substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in the solution.
Buffer:
__________________: occurs when CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid
Ocean Acidification:
