Chapter 3-Personal Outline

Question 1

______________: the molecule that supports all of life

Answer 1

Water:

Question 2

_______________: a covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and other atoms slightly positive

Answer 2

Polar Covalent Bonds:

Question 3

______________: an unequal sharing of electrons meaning that the overall change charge is unevenly distributed

Answer 3

Polar Molecule:

Question 4

The properties of water arise from attractions between

Answer 4

oppositely charged atoms of different molecules

Question 5

_________________: a type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to a slightly negative atom or a polar covalent bond in another molecule

Answer 5

Hydrogen Bonds:

Question 6

________________: a phenomenon where the hydrogen bonds, or any weak chemical bond, hold the water, or any substance together.

Answer 6

Cohesion:

Question 7

_______________: the clinging of one substance or another. This also plays a role in the cohesion of water molecules.

Answer 7

Adhesion:

Question 8

Cohesion and Adhesion help water be transferred against gravity in

Answer 8

the roots of plants as well as through out the body.

Question 9

_________________: a measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid. A spider can walk across the surface of a pond with out breaking the surface tension

Answer 9

Surface Tension:

Question 10

________________: anything, that moves, has this, the energy of motion.

Answer 10

Kinetic Energy:

Question 11

____________________: The kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules. It is related to temperature.

Answer 11

Thermal Energy:

Question 12

____________________: a measure of energy that represents the average kinetic energy of molecules in a body of mater.

Answer 12

Temperature:

Question 13

______________: thermal energy that is transferred from one body to another

Answer 13

Heat:

Question 14

____________: the unit of heat. A calorie is the amount of heat necessary to raise 1 g of water 1*c

Answer 14

calorie (cal):

Question 15

___________________; 1,000 calories. The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of a kilogram of water 1*c. These are the calories on food

Answer 15

Calorie (kcal):

Question 16

a unit of energy

Answer 16

Joule (j):

Question 17

The ability for water to stabilize heat is because of waters

Answer 17

High Specific Heat capacity

Question 18

________________; the amount of heat absorbed or lost for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature 1*c

Answer 18

Specific Heat:

Question 19

___________________; the quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from liquid to gas.

Answer 19

Heat of Vaporization:

Question 20

___________________: as a liquid evaporates, the surface of that liquid that remains behind cools down. This occurs because the hottest molecules, those with the greatest kinetic energy are the ones that left as gas.

Answer 20

Evaporative cooling:

Question 21

Ice floats due to its _____________. Water is the most dense at 4c, but does not freeze until 0c. When ice freezes it crystalize and expands. Because ice floats it protects deeper water from harsh temperatures and it allows marine life to survive cold winters.

Answer 21

lower density in a solid state

Question 22

______________; a liquid that is a complete homogenous mixture of two or more substances

Answer 22

Solution:

Question 23

______________: the dissolving liquid in a solution

Answer 23

Solvent:

Question 24

________________: is the substance that is dissolved in the solute

Answer 24

Solute:

Question 25

________________: a solution in which the solvent is water

Answer 25

Aqueous Solution:

Question 26

______________: the sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion

Answer 26

Hydration shell:

Question 27

________________: any substance that has an affinity for water (likes it)

Answer 27

Hydrophilic:

Question 28

_________________: any substance that does not have an affinity (a fear) for water like oil

Answer 28

Hydrophobic

Question 29

____________________: the sum of all the atoms in a molecule usually calculated in the AMU

Answer 29

Molecular Mass:

Question 30

_________________: the unit we use to measure the weight of substance

Answer 30

Mole (mol):

Question 31

__________________: 6.02 x 10^23

Answer 31

Avogadro’s number:

Question 32

________________: the number of moles of solute per liters of solution

Answer 32

Molarity:

Question 33

__________________; H+ ion, a single proton with the charge of +1

Answer 33

Hydrogen Ion:

Question 34

________________: OH- which has a charge of -1

Answer 34

Hydroxide Ion:

Question 35

____________: H3O+ when a hydrogen ion bonds to water

Answer 35

Hydronium:

Question 36

____________: a substance that has an increase in hydrogen ions in the solution, has a PH of (0-7), gives off hydrogen ions

Answer 36

Acid:

Question 37

____________: a substance with a reduce number of hydrogen ions and an increase in hydroxide ions, has a PH of (7-14), accepts hydrogen ions

Answer 37

Base:

Question 38

__________: water is neutral, has a PH of 7.

Answer 38

Neutral:

Question 39

___________: -log[H+]

Answer 39

PH

Question 40

_____________: a substance that minimizes changes in the concentration of H+ and OH- in the solution.

Answer 40

Buffer:

Question 41

__________________: occurs when CO2 dissolves in seawater, it reacts with the water to form carbonic acid

Answer 41

Ocean Acidification: