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Biology 201-Cell Biology > Chapter 3-Lecture Outline > Flashcards

Chapter 3-Lecture Outline Flashcards

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1
Q

Water is the _________ on Earth

A

biological medium

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2
Q

______________ is the only common substance to exist in the natural environment in all three physical states of matter

A

Water

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3
Q

The ______________ of water molecules allows it to interact with other molecules

Water unique emergent properties help make earth suitable for life

A

the structure (specifically the weak hydrogen bonding)

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4
Q

__________________ in the water molecule result in _____________

A

polar covalent bond

hydrogen bonding

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5
Q

In the water molecule, the electrons of polar covalent bonds spend more time near the _________ than the ______________

A

oxogen

hydrogen

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6
Q

the water molecule is thus ___________

A

a polar molecule

the overall change is unevenly distributed

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7
Q

the ____________ of water allows water molecules to form __________________ with each other

A

polarity

hydrogen bonds

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8
Q

_________________ of water contribute to earth’s suitability for life

A

four emergent properties

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9
Q

what are the four emergent properties of water that facility an environment for life

A
  • cohesive behavior
  • ability to moderate temperature (high specific heat)
  • Expansion upon freezing
  • versatility as a solvent
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10
Q

_______________: collectively hydrogen bonds hold water together, which is a phenomena

A

Cohesion

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11
Q

Cohesion help in the transport of __________________________

A

water against gravity in plants

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12
Q

________________: is an attraction between different substances, for example water and a plants cells water

A

Adhesion

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13
Q

_______________: is a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid

A

surface tension

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14
Q

Water has a __________________ surface tension due to hydrogen bonding between the molecules at the air-water interface and to the water below

A

unusually high

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15
Q

Water absorbs ______________________ and releases ___________________________

A

heat from warmer air

heat to cooler air

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16
Q

________________ is the energy of motion

A

kinetic energy

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17
Q

the kinetic energy associated with the random motion of atoms or molecules is called

A

thermal energy

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18
Q

_________________ is a measure of energy that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecule in a body of matter

A

temperature

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19
Q

Thermal energy in transfer from one body to another is defined as

A

heat

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20
Q

_____________ is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1*c

A

calorie (cal)

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21
Q

the “calories” on food packages are actually ____________

A

kilocalories 1 Kcal=1000 cal

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22
Q

the _________ is a unit of energy

A

joule

1 Joule=0.239 cal or 1 cal=4.184 J

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23
Q

_________________ is the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1*c

A

the specific heat of a substance

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24
Q

the specific heat unit is

A

(cal or Joule)/ g*C

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25
Q

Water resists a change in temperature because of its

A

high specific heat

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26
Q

Waters specific heat can be traced back to it _______________

  • heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break
  • heat is released when hydrogen bonds form
A

hydrogen bonding

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27
Q

The high specific heat of water minimized temperature fluctuations within normal limits that __________

A

permit life

28
Q

________________ is the transformation of a substance from liquid to gas

A

evaporation

29
Q

______________________ is the heat a liquid must absorb for 1g to be converted to gas

A

heat of vaporization

30
Q

as a liquid evaporated, its remaining surface cools, a process called _____________________

A

evaporative cooling

31
Q

Ice floats in liquid water because hydrogen bonds in ice are more ordered making ___________________

A

ice less dense in water

32
Q

Waters greatest density is at ____________

A

4*C

33
Q

If ice sank, all bodies of water would eventually _____________________ making life impossible on earth

A

freeze solid,

34
Q

Man scientists are worried that global warming, caused by ________________________ is having a profound effect on icy environments around the globe

A

carbon dioxide and other global greenhouse gases,

35
Q

the rate at which glaciers and arctic sea ice are disappearing is posing an extreme challenge to

A

animals dependent on ice for survival

36
Q

_______________ is a liquid that is a completely homogeneous mixture of substances

A

solution

37
Q

________________ is the dissolving agent of a solution

A

solvent

38
Q

________________ is the substance that is dissolved

A

solute

39
Q

_____________ is a solution in which water is the solvent

A

aqueous solution

40
Q

water is a versatile solvent due to its ____________

A

polarity

41
Q

when an ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a spare of water molecules called a ______________

A

hydration shell

42
Q

water can resolve both

A

nonionic and ionic polar molecules

43
Q

large polar molecules can be dissolved such as proteins can dissolve in water if they have _____________________

A

ionic and polar regions

44
Q

is one that has affinity for water

A

hydrophilic substance

45
Q

substance is one that does not have an affinity for water

A

hydrophobic substance

46
Q

example of Hydrophobic: _____________

A

oil because they have relatively non polar bonds, these a major ingrediances of cell membranes

47
Q

Biologist seeking like on other planets have concentrated their search on

A

planets with water
today more than 200 planets outside our solar system have been discovered and only a few of them contain water vapor. In our own solar system, Mars contains water

48
Q

_____________ and _________ conditions affect organisms

A

acidic and basic conditions

49
Q

a hydrogen atom in a hydrogen bond between two water molecules can shift _____________

A

from one to another

50
Q

a hydrogen bond atom leaves its electron behind and is transferred as a proton is a

A

hydrogen ion (H+)

51
Q

the molecule that lost the proton is now a

A

hydroxide ion (OH-)

52
Q

The molecule that has an extra proton is now ___________________ though it is often represented as H+

A

hydronium (H3O)+

53
Q

Water is in a state of __________________ in which water water molecules dissociate at the same rate at which they are being formed

A

dynamic equilibrium

54
Q

the dissociation of water (though rare) has an effect on

A

life

55
Q

changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- can drastically affect the

A

chemistry of a cell

56
Q

concentrations of OH- and H+ are equal in

A

pure water

57
Q

Biologists use the ____ to describe if something is acidic or basic

A

PH scale

58
Q

an acid increases the concentration of _______ in a solution where as a base decreases the concentration of ___________

A

H+

59
Q

strong acids and bases ________ in water completely

A

dissociate

60
Q

weak acids and bases relese and accept back H+ ions but can still shift the

A

balance of H+ away from neutrality

61
Q

Ph of
acid
base

A

less than 7

more than 7

62
Q

the internal ph of a cell

A

7 ph neutral

63
Q

_________: are substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

A

buffers

64
Q

buffers contain

A

a weak acid and a corresponding base

65
Q

threats to water quality

A

human activy, fossil fuels, acidification,

66
Q

25% of CO2 is absorbed by the ocean which results in the oceans

A

acidification

67
Q

as sea water acidifies H+ combines with carbonate ions to produce bicarbonate; _____________ is required for calcification by many marine organisms, including reef building

A

calcification

Biology 201-Cell Biology (27 decks)

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