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Biology 201-Cell Biology > Chapter 6-Lecture Notes > Flashcards

Chapter 6-Lecture Notes Flashcards

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1
Q

All organisms are made of _____________

A

cells
The cell is the simplest collection of matter
that can be alive
All cells are related by their descent from earlier cells
Cells can differ substantially from one another but share common features

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2
Q

Cells are usually too small to be seen by the naked eye we use

A

Microscopy

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3
Q 
In a l\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ visible light is passed through a specimen and then through glass lenses
Lenses refract (bend) the light, so that the image is magnified
A

light microscope (LM),

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4
Q

Three important parameters of microscopy
________________ the ratio of an object’s image
size to its real size
_____________ the measure of the clarity of the image, or the minimum distance of two distinguishable points
____________________ visible differences in brightness between parts of the sample

A

Magnification,

Resolution,

Contrast,

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5
Q

Light microscopes can magnify effectively to about_______________________________
Various techniques enhance contrast and enable cell components to be stained or labeled

A

1,000 times the size of the actual specimen

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6
Q

The resolution of standard light microscopy is too low to study_________________, the membrane-enclosed structures in eukaryotic cells

A

organelles

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7
Q

Two basic types of electron microscopes (EMs) are used to study subcellular structures

_____________________ focus a beam of electrons onto the surface of a specimen, providing images that look 3-D

___________________ focus a beam of electrons through a specimen
TEMs are used mainly to study the internal structure of cells

A

Scanning electron microscopes (SEMs)

Transmission electron microscopes (TEMs)

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8
Q

provide sharper images of three-dimensional tissues and cells
New techniques for labeling cells improve resolution

A

Confocal microscopy and deconvolution microscopy

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9
Q

takes cells apart and

separates the major organelles from one another

A

Cell fractionation

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10
Q

Centrifuges fractionate cells into their

A

component parts

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11
Q

_____________have
internal membranes that compartmentalize
their functions

A

Eukaryotic cells

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12
Q

Only organisms of the domains Bacteria and Archaea consist of

A

prokaryotic cells

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13
Q

Protists, fungi, animals, and plants all consist of

A

eukaryotic cells

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14
Q

The basic structural and functional unit of every organism is one of two types of cells:

A

prokaryotic or eukaryotic

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15
Q

Basic features of all cells

A

Plasma membrane
Semifluid substance called cytosol
Chromosomes (carry genes)
Ribosomes (make proteins)

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16
Q

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by having

A

No nucleus
DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
No membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane

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17
Q

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by having

A

DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
Membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus
Eukaryotic cells are generally much larger than prokaryotic cells

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18
Q

is a selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell

A

plasma membrane

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19
Q

has internal membranes that partition the cell into organelles
The basic fabric of biological membranes is a double layer of phospholipids and other lipids
Plant and animal cells have most of the same organelles

A

A eukaryotic cell

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20
Q

layers in prokaryotic cells

A

plasma membrane
cell wall
capsule

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21
Q

contains most of the cell’s genes and is usually the most conspicuous organelle

A

The nucleus

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22
Q

The nuclear membrane is a double membrane; each membrane consists of a

A

lipid bilayer fluid mosaic

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23
Q

encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

A

The nuclear envelope

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24
Q

The nuclear size of the envelop is lined by the ________ , which is composed of proteins and maintains the shape of the nucleus

A

nuclear lamina

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25
Q

n the nucleus, DNA is organized into discrete units called

A

chromosomes

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26
Q

Each chromosome is composed of a single DNA molecule associated with proteins
The DNA and proteins of chromosomes are together called

A

chromatin

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27
Q

Chromatin condenses to form discrete __________________ as a cell prepares to divide

A

chromosomes

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28
Q

is located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis
Ribosomes: Protein Factories

A

The nucleolus

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29
Q 
Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
A

The endomembrane system consists of

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30
Q

These components are either continuous or connected via transfer by

A

vesicles

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31
Q

accounts for more than half of the total membrane in many eukaryotic cells

A

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

two types smooth and rough ER

32
Q

Smooth ER,

Rough ER,

A

which lacks ribosomes

whose surface is studded with ribosomes

33
Q

The smooth ER

A

Synthesizes lipids
Metabolizes carbohydrates
Detoxifies drugs and poisons
Stores calcium ions

34
Q

The rough ER

A

Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins (proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates)
Distributes transport vesicles, secretory proteins surrounded by membranes
Is a membrane factory for the cells

35
Q

Has bound ribosomes, which secrete _____________________(proteins covalently bonded to carbohydrates)

A

glycoproteins

36
Q

Distributes _______, secretory proteins surrounded by membranes

A

transport vesicles

37
Q

——————————— consists of flattened membranous sacs called cisternae
Functions of the Golgi apparatus
Modifies products of the ER
Manufactures certain macromolecules
Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

A

The Golgi apparatus

38
Q

________________________ is a membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can digest macromolecules
Lysosomal enzymes work best in the acidic environment inside the lysosome
Hydrolytic enzymes and lysosomal membranes are made by rough ER and then transferred to the Golgi apparatus for further processing

A

A lysosome

39
Q

Some types of cell can engulf another cell by _________________ this forms a food vacuole
A lysosome fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules

A

phagocytosis;

40
Q

Some types of cell can engulf another cell by
——————————; this forms a food vacuole
A lysosome fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules

A

phagocytosis

41
Q

are large vesicles derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus

A

Vacuoles

42
Q

are the sites of cellular respiration, a metabolic process that uses oxygen to
generate ATP

A

Mitochondria

43
Q

found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis
Peroxisomes are oxidative organelles
The Evolutionary Origins of Mitochondria and Chloroplasts
Mitochondria and chloroplasts have similarities with bacteria

A

Chloroplasts,

44
Q

suggests that an early ancestor of eukaryotes engulfed an oxygen-using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell

A

The endosymbiont theory s

45
Q

They have a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into

A

cristae

46
Q

Chloroplast structure includes

A

Thylakoids, membranous sacs,
stacked to form a granum
Stroma, the internal fluid
The chloroplast is one of a group of plant organelles, called plastids

47
Q

membranous sacs,

A

Thylakoids,

48
Q

is one of a group of plant organelles, called plastids

A

The chloroplast

49
Q

stacked to form a ___________

_______________________ the internal fluid

A

geranium

Stroma,

50
Q

are specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane
Peroxisomes produce hydrogen peroxide and convert it to water

A

Peroxisomes

51
Q

perform reactions with many different functions

How peroxisomes are related to other organelles is still unknown

A

Peroxisomes

52
Q

is a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

It organizes the cell’s structures and activities, anchoring many organelles

A

The cytoskeleton

53
Q

The cytoskeleton

A

It is composed of three types of molecular structures
Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments

54
Q

The cytoskeleton helps to support the cell and maintain its shape

A

It interacts with motor proteins to produce motility

Inside the cell, vesicles can travel along tracks provided by the cytoskeleton

55
Q

________________ are the thickest of the three components of the cytoskeleton
___________________ also called actin filaments, are the thinnest components
______{___________are fibers with diameters in a middle range

A

Microtubules

Microfilaments,

Intermediate filaments

56
Q

___________________ are hollow rods about 25 nm in diameter and about 200 nm to 25 microns long
Functions of microtubules
Shaping the cell
Guiding movement of organelles
Separating chromosomes during cell division

A

Microtubules

57
Q

In animal cells, microtubules grow out from a
—————————–near the nucleus
In animal cells, the centrosome has a pair of _______________ each with nine triplets of microtubules arranged in a ring

A

centrosome

centrioles,

58
Q

Microtubules control the beating of ________________________microtubule-containing extensions that
project from some cells they differ in their beating patterns

A

flagella and cilia,

59
Q

_____________________ that anchors the cilium or flagellum

A motor protein called _________________ which drives the bending movements of a cilium or flagellum

A

A basal body

dynein,

60
Q

__________________are solid rods about 7 nm in diameter, built as a twisted double chain of
actin subunits
The structural role of microfilaments is to bear tension, resisting pulling forces within the cell
They form a 3-D network called the _____________ inside the plasma membrane to help support the cell’s shape
Bundles of microfilaments make up the core of microvilli of intestinal cells

A

Microfilaments

cortex just

61
Q

that function in cellular motility contain the protein myosin in addition to actin
In muscle cells, thousands of actin filaments are arranged parallel to one another
Thicker filaments composed of myosin interdigitate with the thinner actin fibers

A

Microfilaments

62
Q

is a circular flow of cytoplasm within cells
This streaming speeds distribution of materials within the cell
In plant cells, actin-myosin interactions and sol-gel transformations drive cytoplasmic streaming

A

Cytoplasmic streaming

63
Q

___________________ range in diameter from
8–12 nanometers, larger than microfilaments
but smaller than microtubules
They support cell shape and fix organelles
in place

A

Intermediate filaments r

64
Q

____________________ are more permanent cytoskeleton fixtures than the other two classes

A

Intermediate filaments

65
Q

is an extracellular structure that distinguishes plant cells from animal cells

A

cell wall

66
Q

The cell wall protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water
Plant cell walls are made of cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein

A

Prokaryotes, fungi, and some unicellular eukaryotes also have cell walls

67
Q

Plant cell walls may have multiple layers

A

Primary cell wall: Relatively thin and flexible
Middle lamella: Thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells
Secondary cell wall (in some cells): Added between the plasma membrane and the primary
cell wall

68
Q

Relatively thin and flexible

A

Primary cell wall:

69
Q

Thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells

A

Middle lamella:

70
Q

Added between the plasma membrane and the primary

cell wall

A

Secondary cell wall (in some cells):

71
Q

Animal cells lack cell walls but are covered by an elaborate extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

The ECM is made up of glycoproteins such as collagen, proteoglycans, and fibronectin

72
Q

are channels that perforate plant cell walls

Through plasmodesmata, water and small solutes (and sometimes proteins and RNA) can pass from cell to cell

A

Plasmodesmata

73
Q

3 types of cell junctions are common in epithelial tissues

A

Tight Junctions, Desmosomes, and Gap Junctions in Animal Cells

74
Q

membranes of neighboring cells are pressed together, preventing leakage of extracellular fluid

A

At tight junctions,

75
Q

) fasten cells together into strong sheets

A

Desmosomes (anchoring junctions

76
Q

(communicating junctions) provide cytoplasmic channels between adjacent cells

A

Gap junctions

77
Q

The Cell: A Living Unit Greater Than the Sum of Its Parts

Cells rely on the integration of structures and organelles in order to function

A

For example, a macrophage’s ability to destroy bacteria involves the whole cell, coordinating components such as the cytoskeleton, lysosomes, and plasma membrane

Biology 201-Cell Biology (27 decks)

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