Chapter 1-Personal Outline Flashcards
______________: is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today
Evolution
__________: the scientific study of life
Biology
What are the seven characteristics of life:
- order
- energy processing
- growth and development
- regulation
- Evolutionary Adaptation
- reproduction
- responce to environment
____________: all of life is organized and structured
Order
__________: all forms of life have the ability to process energy and obtain nutrients and fuel from chemical energy.
Energy Processing
__________________: inherited genetic information controls the growth and development of all organisms
Growth and Development
__________________: all forms of life contain internal mechanisms that adjust an organism to compensate for changing environmental conditions
Regulation
_____________________: populations of organisms are able to adapt to environmental conditions and as a result change permanently.
Evolutionary Adaptations
__________________: Each type of organism is able to reproduce its own kind
Reproduction
___________________: Living organisms are able to respond to stimuli in their environment.
responce to enviroment
There are 5 touchstone themes in Biology:
Organization, Information, Energy and Matter, Interactions, and Evolution
Biology is Organized into 10 (9 according to book) Biological Levels:
- Atomic Level
- Molecular Level
- Organelle Level
- Cellular Level
- Tissue Level
- Organ Level/ Organ System Level
- Organismal Level
- Population Level
- Community Level
- Ecosystem Level
- Biosphere Level
atoms are the smallest unit of matter ex: hydrogen
atomic level
molecules are more than one atom bound together ex: protein, lipids
molecular level
“little organ” the various functional components present in a cell ex: chloroplasts
organelle level
cells are the smallest unit of life that contains all the properties of life
cellular level
is a group of cells working together to perform a specialized function.
tissue level
_____________ a group of tissues working together to perform a particular function. __________ are multiple organs working together to perform complex tasks.
Organ level
Organ Systems
a single living being
organismal level
a group of individuals of the same species living in the same area.
population level
multiple populations of different organisms living in the same area.
Community Level:
all organisms and non-living matter in a given area ex: a continent.
ecosystem Level:
all ecosystems combined, generally speaking planet earth.
The Biosphere:
are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
Emergent Properties:
the exploration of biological systems by analyzing the interactions among its parts. It examines and models the dynamic behaviors of an integrated network of components in a single living organism.
systems biology
large and complex, contains membrane, enclosed organelles, most notably it contains a nucleus.
Eukaryotic Cells:
small and simple, do not contain a nucleus or other membrane bound organelles.
Prokaryotic Cells:
chromosomes carry this genetic material. A nucleic acid molecule that is usually double stranded helix each polynucleotide strand consist of nucleotide monomers
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid):
a unit of hereditary information, consisting of specific nucleotide sequence in DNA and RNA
Genes
DNA structure accounts for its ability to store genetic information; it is a ____________ and each chain is made of 4 nucleotides.
Double Helix Strand
the entire process by which the information in a gene directs the manufacture of a cellular product.
gene expression
the entire library of genetic information that an organism inherits
genome
the study of sets of genes in one or more species in order to discover there properties
Genomics:
the study of sets of proteins in one or more species in order to discover their properties
Proteomics:
the use of tools to store, organize, and analyze the huge volume of data.
Bioinformatics:
organism, such as animals, that feed on producers and other consumers.
Consumers:
organism that pass along chemical energy. They are commonly, plants and other photosynthetic organisms.
produces
There are two types of ____________, the output or product of a process that regulates homeostasis
feedback regulation
a loop in which the response reduces the original stimulus
Negative Feedback:
in which the end product speeds up its own production
Positive Feedback:
the branch of Biology that names and classifies species into a Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genes Species.
Taxonomy:
•There are 3 domains of life ______________________
_____________ contain prokaryotic cells
_________ contains eukaryotic cells.
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya.
Bacteria and Archaea
Eukarya
the father of evolution, he published his book the origin of species, he developed his theory while on the Galapagos Islands. His ideas are often expressed in an evolutionary tree or tree of life.
Charles Darwin:
Darwin’s title for the mechanism of evolutionary adaptation because the environment selects for certain traits.
Natural Selection:
a way of knowing
Science:
a search for information and explanations of natural phenomena.
Inquiry:
recorded information
data
a generalization that is summarized from a large number of scientific observations (discovery science)
inductive reasoning
uses general premises to extrapolate results (hypothesis science) uses scientific method
Deductive reasoning
a tentative answer to a well-framed question, an explanation that is ready for trial
hypothesis
Steps of the scientific method
: 1. Observation 2. Question 3. Hypothesis 4. Prediction 5. Test
is an in-depth examination of an actual investigation
case study
is a much broader in scope than hypothesis. A widely accepted explanation that a large body of evidence supports.
Theory
the factor manipulated by experiment
Independent Variable
the factor that is measured by the experiment
Dependent Variable
The goal of science is
to understand natural phenomena, which the goal of Technology is to apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose
