Chapter 2-Personal Outline Flashcards
_____________: anything that takes up space and has mass (everything is made of this)
Matter:
________________: all matter is made up of these; a substance that cannot be broken down into any other substance. Today chemists had identify 92 naturally occurring elements
Elements:
_________________: a substance consisting of 2 or more elements that combine at a specific ratio
Compound:
______________: the 25 elements necessary for human life
Essential Elements:
____________: Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen make up about 96% of matter
4 main elements:
_____________; are required for organismal life, but only in minuet quantities
Trace Elements:
______________: the smallest stable form of matter that still retains all the properties of an element
Atoms:
_________________: protons, neutron, electrons
Subatomic Particles:
_______________: Positive charge, has mass
Protons:
_______________: Negative charge, does NOT have mass
Nuetrons:
_______________: Electrically neutral, has mass (1.7x10^-24
Neutron:
__________________: dense center, where the protons and neutrons are tightly packaged
Atomic Nucleus:
________________: the rings in which electrons reside and orbit around the nucleus. Contain different energy levels. The S, P, and D orbitals.
Electron Shells:
________________: the subatomic unit of measure also known as the atomic mass unit (AMU)
Dalton:
______________: the number of protons
Atomic Number:
______________: the sum of protons and neutrons
Mass Number:
____________: an approximation of the total mass of an atom usually similar to the mass number but it is measured in Daltons or AMU
Atomic Mass:
____________: different forms of the same element. Generally, have the same protons put different number of neutrons
Isotopes:
_______________: an isotope in which the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off particles and energy; when radioactive decay gives off protons it may change the element.
Radioactive Isotope:
________________: used as diagnostic tools, they can track atoms during metabolism
Radioactive Tracers:
___________________: the time it takes for 50% of a radioactive isotope to decay
Isotopic Half-life:
__________________: scientists measure the ratio of different isotopes and calculate how many half lives have passed since an organism was fossilized or the rock was formed
Radiometric Dating:
___________: the capacity to cause change or do work
Energy:
__________: the energy matter possesses within its structure
Potential Energy:
_______________: energy in motion
Kinetic Energy:
The chemical behavior of atoms is determined by the ____________________
electron configuration
______________: the outermost electrons that have the most energy and reside in the valance shell
Valence Electrons:
________________: the 3D structure in which atoms are found
Orbital:
_________________: an interaction between atoms that usually results atoms staying close together, held by attractions called
Chemical Bonds:
_________________: occur between a metal and a nonmetal; the transfer of electrons from one atom to another. Can occur between any elements with opposing charges
Ionic Bonds:
_________________: occur between two nonmetals; the sharing of a pair of valance electrons by two atoms ex: a hydrogen bond
Covalent Bonds:
_______________: two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
Molecule:
________________: simply indicates the number and type of each atom
Molecular Formula:
________________: tells the number and type of atom as well as the type of bond
Structural Formula:
_________________: represented by a single line
Single Bond:
__________________: represented by two lines
Double Bond
__________________: refers to an atoms bond capacity; usually refers to the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atoms outermost electron shell
Valence
________________: the attraction of a particular atoms for the electrons of a covalent bond is called its electronegativity
Electronegativity:
__________________: covalent bonds between two of the same atom in which the electrons are shared equally because they have the same electronegativity.
Nonpolar covalent bonds:
________________:the two oppositely charged atoms
Ions:
______________: The positively charged ion
Cation:
____________: the negatively charged ion
Anion:
_________________: products or compounds made of ionic bonds
Ionic Compound or Salts:
_________________: the attraction between a hydrogen and an electronegative atom
Hydrogen Bond:
_________________: Weak interactions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges
Van de Waals interactions:
____________________: the making and breaking of chemical bonds leading to changes in the composition of matter
Chemical Reactions:
_________________: the starting materials in a chemical reaction
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Reactants
_______________: the end materials in a chemical reaction
Products
__________________: the point at which the reactions offset one another occurs when the forward and reverse reactions rates are equal
Chemical Equilibrium:
