Chapter 8-Personal Outline Flashcards
_________________ the total of all chemical reaction occurring in a given organism. This property of life arises from Order.
Metabolism:
_______________: this reaction begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product. Each step of this reaction catalyzes a specific enzyme.
Metabolic Pathway:
__________________: the breakdown pathways. A major pathway of catabolism is cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen and water.
Catabolic pathways:
_____________________: these consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones, such as the synthesis of amino acids.
Anabolic pathways:
____________________: the study of how energy flows through living organisms.
Bioenergetics:
__________________: Energy the Capacity to do work, the capacity to cause change.
Energy:
________________: the energy of motion. This type of energy can be attributed to objects moving.
Kinetic Energy:
__________________: the energy stored in the structure of something. It is present in an object that is not moving but could be moving.
Potential Energy:
___________________: the kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms.
Thermal Energy:
____________________: the potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules. The potential it has for a chemical reaction.
Chemical Energy:
__________________: the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another.
Heat:
____________________: the study of energy transformation that occur in matter.
Thermodynamics:
________________________: energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but it can be transferred or transferred.
First Law of Thermodynamics:
___________________: Energy processed are not 100% efficient, some energy is always lost as heat.
Second Law of Thermodynamics:
_________________: A measure of disorder, or randomness. All energy processed move toward increasing entropy.
Entropy:
________________________: is the portion of a systems energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell.
Free Energy:
^G=^H-T^S:
delta H symbolizes the change in the systems total energy. Delta S symbolizes the change in the systems entropy and T is the Temperature.
^G=G Final- G initial:
G is always negative.
_________________: a reaction that releases energy
Exergonic Reaction
_______________________: a reaction that absorbs energy
Endogenic Reaction
_________________: when the rate at which forward and release reaction occur at the same time and rate.
Chemical Equilibrium
________________: the use of energy in the cell to exogeniclly process to drive an endogenic process.
Energy Coupling:
_________________: the energy used to power the cell. Made of the nitrogenous base Adenine, the sugar ribose and 3 high-energy phosphates
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
__________________: the break down of ATP into ADP for use in the cell.
ATP Hydrolysis:
__________________: a receptor-mediated group with a phosphate group covalently bonded to it.
Phosphorylated Intermediate
___________________: the build of ATP from ADP, P, and Energy.
ADP P Dehydration
_____________________: a macromolecule that acts as a catalyst by lowering the activation energy of a metabolic reaction so that it may speed the reaction to a rate that supports life.
Enzymes:
________________: a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.
Catalyst:
________________: the amount of energy necessary for the reaction to begin.
Activation Energy:
_________________: the reactants in an enzymatic reaction
Substrates
___________________: the location of an enzymatic reaction
Active Site:
_______________________: to substrates bind at the active site and leave as one enzyme.
Enzyme Substrate Complex:
__________________: the idea that each substrate and active site is chemical made for each other.
Induced FIt
____________________: enzymes can be destroyed at extreme PH’s or temperatures.
Denaturation of Enzymes:
________________: reduce productivity of enzymes by block substrates from entering active sites.
Competitive Inhibitors:
_________________: do not compete with the substrate to bind to the enzyme at the active site.
Non-Competitive Inhibitors:
_______________: the term used to describe any case in which our body’s proteins are affected by the binding of regulatory enzymes
Allosteric Regulation:
__________________: this mechanism amplifies the response of enzymes to the substrate.
Cooperatively:
____________________: a metabolic pathway is halted by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway.
Feedback Inhibition:
