Chapter 8-Personal Outline

Question 1

_________________ the total of all chemical reaction occurring in a given organism. This property of life arises from Order.

Answer 1

Metabolism:

Question 2

_______________: this reaction begins with a specific molecule, which is then altered in a series of defined steps, resulting in a certain product. Each step of this reaction catalyzes a specific enzyme.

Answer 2

Metabolic Pathway:

Question 3

__________________: the breakdown pathways. A major pathway of catabolism is cellular respiration, where glucose is broken down in the presence of oxygen and water.

Answer 3

Catabolic pathways:

Question 4

_____________________: these consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones, such as the synthesis of amino acids.

Answer 4

Anabolic pathways:

Question 5

____________________: the study of how energy flows through living organisms.

Answer 5

Bioenergetics:

Question 6

__________________: Energy the Capacity to do work, the capacity to cause change.

Answer 6

Energy:

Question 7

________________: the energy of motion. This type of energy can be attributed to objects moving.

Answer 7

Kinetic Energy:

Question 8

__________________: the energy stored in the structure of something. It is present in an object that is not moving but could be moving.

Answer 8

Potential Energy:

Question 9

___________________: the kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms.

Answer 9

Thermal Energy:

Question 10

____________________: the potential energy stored in the bonds of molecules. The potential it has for a chemical reaction.

Answer 10

Chemical Energy:

Question 11

__________________: the transfer of thermal energy from one object to another.

Answer 11

Heat:

Question 12

____________________: the study of energy transformation that occur in matter.

Answer 12

Thermodynamics:

Question 13

________________________: energy can be neither created nor destroyed, but it can be transferred or transferred.

Answer 13

First Law of Thermodynamics:

Question 14

___________________: Energy processed are not 100% efficient, some energy is always lost as heat.

Answer 14

Second Law of Thermodynamics:

Question 15

_________________: A measure of disorder, or randomness. All energy processed move toward increasing entropy.

Answer 15

Entropy:

Question 16

________________________: is the portion of a systems energy that can perform work when temperature and pressure are uniform throughout the system, as in a living cell.

Answer 16

Free Energy:

Question 17

^G=^H-T^S:

Answer 17

delta H symbolizes the change in the systems total energy. Delta S symbolizes the change in the systems entropy and T is the Temperature.

Question 18

^G=G Final- G initial:

Answer 18

G is always negative.

Question 19

_________________: a reaction that releases energy

Answer 19

Exergonic Reaction

Question 20

_______________________: a reaction that absorbs energy

Answer 20

Endogenic Reaction

Question 21

_________________: when the rate at which forward and release reaction occur at the same time and rate.

Answer 21

Chemical Equilibrium

Question 22

________________: the use of energy in the cell to exogeniclly process to drive an endogenic process.

Answer 22

Energy Coupling:

Question 23

_________________: the energy used to power the cell. Made of the nitrogenous base Adenine, the sugar ribose and 3 high-energy phosphates

Answer 23

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Question 24

__________________: the break down of ATP into ADP for use in the cell.

Answer 24

ATP Hydrolysis:

Question 25

__________________: a receptor-mediated group with a phosphate group covalently bonded to it.

Answer 25

Phosphorylated Intermediate

Question 26

___________________: the build of ATP from ADP, P, and Energy.

Answer 26

ADP P Dehydration

Question 27

_____________________: a macromolecule that acts as a catalyst by lowering the activation energy of a metabolic reaction so that it may speed the reaction to a rate that supports life.

Answer 27

Enzymes:

Question 28

________________: a chemical agent that speeds up a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

Answer 28

Catalyst:

Question 29

________________: the amount of energy necessary for the reaction to begin.

Answer 29

Activation Energy:

Question 30

_________________: the reactants in an enzymatic reaction

Answer 30

Substrates

Question 31

___________________: the location of an enzymatic reaction

Answer 31

Active Site:

Question 32

_______________________: to substrates bind at the active site and leave as one enzyme.

Answer 32

Enzyme Substrate Complex:

Question 33

__________________: the idea that each substrate and active site is chemical made for each other.

Answer 33

Induced FIt

Question 34

____________________: enzymes can be destroyed at extreme PH’s or temperatures.

Answer 34

Denaturation of Enzymes:

Question 35

________________: reduce productivity of enzymes by block substrates from entering active sites.

Answer 35

Competitive Inhibitors:

Question 36

_________________: do not compete with the substrate to bind to the enzyme at the active site.

Answer 36

Non-Competitive Inhibitors:

Question 37

_______________: the term used to describe any case in which our body’s proteins are affected by the binding of regulatory enzymes

Answer 37

Allosteric Regulation:

Question 38

__________________: this mechanism amplifies the response of enzymes to the substrate.

Answer 38

Cooperatively:

Question 39

____________________: a metabolic pathway is halted by the inhibitory binding of its end product to an enzyme that acts early in the pathway.

Answer 39

Feedback Inhibition: