Chapter 9 - Joints Flashcards
structural classification of joints (3)
1) Fibrous
2) cartilaginous
3) synovial
In these joints:
1) Fibrous
**2) cartilaginous **
**3) synovial **
bones are held together by?
1) dense collagen fibers
2) cartilage
3) ligaments
functional classification of joints (3)
1) synarthrosis
2) amphiarthrosis
3) diarthrosis
1) synarthrosis
2) amphiarthrosis
3) diarthrosis
1) immovable joint
2) slightly movable joint
3) freely movable joint
**Fibrous Joints **
lack a ___ __
articulating bones are held together by?
synovial cavity
dense irregular connective tissue
Movement in fibrous joints
permit little or no movement
(3) types of fibrous joints
1) sutures
2) syndesmoses
3) interosseous membranes
Joints that occur only between bones of the skull
Sutures
Sutures
functional classification
immovable or slightly movable
(synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis)
Syndesmoses
fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance b/w articulating surfaces & more dense irregular connective tissue (arranged as a bundle/ligament) than in a suture
**Syndesmoses **
functional classification
**Amphiarthrosis **
Examples of syndesmoses
distal tibiofibular joint (amphiarthrosis)
Gomphosis (cone-shaped peg fits into socket) - articulations between teeth & their sockets (synarthrosis)
Interosseous Membrane
functional classification & examples
substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue binds neighbouring long bones
(amphiarthrosis - slight movement)
between radius and ulna
between tibia and fibula
Gomphosis
immovable joint
Joint in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket Articulations of the teeth with sockets of maxillae and mandible
Cartilaginous Joints
lacks a __ __
allows what kind of movement
joint is tightly connected by?
synovial cavity
allows little or no movement
connect by hyaline or fibrocartilage
(2) types of cartilaginous joints
1) synchondroses
2) symphyses
1) synchondroses
connecting tissue is?
Connecting tissue is hyaline cartilage
example: Epiphyseal (growth) plate
immovable (synarthrosis)
2) Symphysis
Slightly movable joint
occurs at midline
Ends of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a disc of fibrocartilage connects bones
Examples of Symphyses
**pubis symphysis **between anterior surface of hip bones
at junction of **manubrium **and body of sternum
intervertebral joints between vertebrae
**Synovial Joints **
movement
held together by
Synovial cavity allows a joint to be freely movable
Ligaments hold bones together in a synovial joint
Unique characteristic of Synovial Joints
presence of space called a **synovial (joint) cavity **between articulating bones
Articular capsule
sleeve-like capsule that encloses synovial cavity
has (2) layers
(2) layers of the articular capsule
1) outer **fibrous capsule **- dense irregular connective tissue attaches to periosteum
2) inner synovial membrane - areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers
Synovial fluid
secreted by **synovial membrane **
the **synovial fluid **secreted by the synovial membrane
functions to ___ ___ by… (4)
Functions to reduce friction by:
lubricating the joint
- *absorbing** shocks
- *supplying** oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage
removing carbon dioxide & metabolic wastes from **cartilage **
Many synovial joints also contain **accessory ligaments **
examples?
anterior & posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee joint
(extracapsular - outside articular capsule)
(intracapsular - inside articular capsule)
collateral ligaments of the knee joint (fibular & tibular)
Articular Disks (Menisci)
crescent-shaped pads of fibrocartilage attached to fibrous capsule between articular surfaces of bones
inside some synovial joints
Nerve and Blood Supply
Nerve endings:
convey information about pain from __ to __ __ and ___
Nerve endings respond to the degree of __ and __ at a joint
Arterial branches from several different arteries merge around a joint before penetrating the ___ ___
**joint **to **spinal cord **and brain
**movement **and stretch
articular capsule
**Bursae **
what are they?
where are they located?
Sac-like structures containing fluid similar to synovial fluid
Located between **tendons, ligaments and bones **
Function of Bursae
cushion the movement of these body parts
**Tendon Sheaths **
tubelike bursae that wrap around certain tendons to reduce friction at joints
**Types of Movements at Synovial Joints **
(4) main categories
1) gliding
2) angular movements
3) rotation
4) special movements
Gliding
Simple movement back-and-forth and from side-to-side
no signicant alteration of angle between bones
limited in range
Example of articulation where **Gliding **Movement occurs
intercarpal & intertarsal joints
Simple movement back-and-forth and from side-to-side There is no significant alteration of the angle between the bones
Limited in range
Gliding Movement
Angular movements
Increase or a decrease in the angle between articulating bones
(7) types of angular movements
(7) types of angular movements
Flexion
Extension
Lateral flexion
Hyperextension
Abduction
Adduction
Circumduction
Decrease in the angle between articulating bones
Flexion
Example of Flexion
bending truck forward
bending truck forward
example of Flexion
Increase in angle between articulating bones
Extension
opposite of flexion
entension
movement of trunk sideways to right or left at waist
Lateral Flexion
Continuation of extension beyond the normal extension
hyperextension
bending trunk backward
hyperextension
Movement of a bone away from the midline
abduction
Moving the humerus laterally at the shoulder joint
abduction
Movement of a bone toward the midline
adduction
Movement that returns body parts to normal position from abduction
adduction
movement of a body part in a circle
circumduction
Moving the humerus in a circle at the shoulder joint
circumduction
A bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis
rotation
Turning the head from side to side as when you shake your head “no”
rotation
(11) special movements
Elevation
Depression
Protraction
Retraction
Inversion
Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Supination
Pronation
Opposition
Upward movement of a part of the body
elevation
closing the mouth (lifting mandible)
example of elevation
Downward movement of a part of the body
Depression
opening mouth
example of depression
Movement of a part of the body anteriorly
Protraction
Thrusting the mandible outward
example of protraction
Movement of a protracted part of the body back to normal
retraction
Movement of the foot medially
Inversion
Movement of the sole laterally
Eversion
Bending of the foot at the ankle in an upward direction
Dorsiflexion
Bending of the foot at the ankle in an downward direction
Plantar flexion
Movement of the forearm so that the palm is turned upward
Supination
Movement of the forearm so that the palm is turned downward
Pronation
Movement of the thumb in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand
Opposition
Synovial joints are classified based on type of ___
movement
Types of **synovial joints (6) **
planar
hinge
pivot
condyloid
saddle
ball-and-socket
Primarily permit back-and-forth and side-to-side movements
Planar
Intercarpal joints
planar joint
Produce an angular, opening and closing motion
Permit only flexion and extension
Hinge Joint
Knee & Elbow Joint
Hinge Joint
Surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone
Pivot
Joints that enable the palms to turn anteriorly and posteriorly
Pivot joints
projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone
Condyloid joint
Wrist Joint
Condyloid
Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the “saddle”
Saddle Joint
Thumb Joint
Saddle Joint
Ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone
Ball-and-Socket Joint
Shoulder and Hip joint
Ball-and-socket joint
The articular surfaces of synovial joints contact one another and determine the type and possible __ ___ ___
range of motion
**Range of Motion **refers to?
the range, measured in degrees of a circle, through which the bones of a joint can be moved
Factors contribute to keeping the articular surfaces in contact and affect range of motion (6)
1) structure of shape of articulating bones
2) strength or tension of joint ligaments
3) arrangement & tension of muscles
4) contact of soft parts
5) hormones
6) disuse
1) structure of shape of articulating bones
Shape of bones determines how closely they fit together
2) strength or tension of joint ligaments
Ligaments are tense when the joint is in certain positions
Tense ligaments restrict the range of motion & direct motion
3) arrangement & tension of muscles
Muscle tension reinforces the restraint placed on a joint by its ligaments , and thus restricts movement
4) contact of soft parts
The point at which one body surface contacts another may limit mobility
Movement be restricted by the presence of adipose tissue
5) hormones
Flexibility may also be affected by hormones
Relaxin increases the flexibility of pubic symphysis and loosens the ligaments between sacrum and hip bone toward the end of pregnancy
6) disuse
Movement may be restricted if a joint has not been used for an extended period
Selected Joints of the Body (5)
Temporomandibular joint
Shoulder joint
Elbow joint
Hip joint
Knee joint
** Temporomandibular joint **
type?
formed by?
Combined hinge and planar joint formed by the mandible and the temporal bone
Only movable joint between skull bones
Only the mandible moves
**Shoulder joint **
type?
formed by?
movement?
Ball-and-socket joint formed by the head of the humerus and the scapula
more freedom of movement thanany other joint of the body
** Elbow joint **
type?
formed by?
Hinge joint
formed by the humerus, the ulna, and the **radius **
** Hip joint **
type?
formed by?
Ball-and-socket joint formed by the femur and the hip **bone **
** Knee joint **
type?
Largest and most complex joint of the body
Modified hinge joint
Does the gomphosis, suture, synchondrosis or hinge joint have more movement?
hinge joint
Would a synovial, cartilaginous or fibrous joint have a meniscus?
synovial
What function does the labrum have in the glenohumeral joint?
deepen and enlarge glenoid cavity
What is the name of the type of joint found between the femur and the tibia?
**tibiofemoral **(knee) joint
modified hinge joint
What structure secretes synovial fluid?
synovial membrane
What is the classification of the joint found between the first metacarpal and the proximal phalanx?
synovial (condyloid)
- diarthrosis
Which type of joint is slightly movable and held together by fibrous connective tissue?
Syndesmoses
