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KIN 260 > Chapter 9 - Joints > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Joints Flashcards

1
Q

structural classification of joints (3)

A

1) Fibrous
2) cartilaginous
3) synovial

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2
Q

In these joints:

1) Fibrous

**2) cartilaginous **

**3) synovial **

bones are held together by?

A

1) dense collagen fibers
2) cartilage
3) ligaments

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3
Q

functional classification of joints (3)

A

1) synarthrosis
2) amphiarthrosis
3) diarthrosis

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4
Q

1) synarthrosis
2) amphiarthrosis
3) diarthrosis

A

1) immovable joint
2) slightly movable joint
3) freely movable joint

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5
Q

**Fibrous Joints **

lack a ___ __

articulating bones are held together by?

A

synovial cavity

dense irregular connective tissue

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6
Q

Movement in fibrous joints

A

permit little or no movement

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7
Q

(3) types of fibrous joints

A

1) sutures
2) syndesmoses
3) interosseous membranes

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8
Q

Joints that occur only between bones of the skull

A

Sutures

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9
Q

Sutures

functional classification

A

immovable or slightly movable

(synarthrosis or amphiarthrosis)

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10
Q

Syndesmoses

A

fibrous joint in which there is a greater distance b/w articulating surfaces & more dense irregular connective tissue (arranged as a bundle/ligament) than in a suture

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11
Q

**Syndesmoses **

functional classification

A

**Amphiarthrosis **

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12
Q

Examples of syndesmoses

A

distal tibiofibular joint (amphiarthrosis)

Gomphosis (cone-shaped peg fits into socket) - articulations between teeth & their sockets (synarthrosis)

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13
Q

Interosseous Membrane

functional classification & examples

A

substantial sheet of dense irregular connective tissue binds neighbouring long bones

(amphiarthrosis - slight movement)

between radius and ulna

between tibia and fibula

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14
Q

Gomphosis

A

immovable joint

Joint in which a cone-shaped peg fits into a socket Articulations of the teeth with sockets of maxillae and mandible

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15
Q

Cartilaginous Joints

lacks a __ __

allows what kind of movement

joint is tightly connected by?

A

synovial cavity

allows little or no movement

connect by hyaline or fibrocartilage

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16
Q

(2) types of cartilaginous joints

A

1) synchondroses
2) symphyses

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17
Q

1) synchondroses

connecting tissue is?

A

Connecting tissue is hyaline cartilage

example: Epiphyseal (growth) plate

immovable (synarthrosis)

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18
Q

2) Symphysis

A

Slightly movable joint

occurs at midline

Ends of articulating bones are covered with hyaline cartilage, but a disc of fibrocartilage connects bones

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19
Q

Examples of Symphyses

A

**pubis symphysis **between anterior surface of hip bones

at junction of **manubrium **and body of sternum

intervertebral joints between vertebrae

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20
Q

**Synovial Joints **

movement

held together by

A

Synovial cavity allows a joint to be freely movable

Ligaments hold bones together in a synovial joint

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21
Q

Unique characteristic of Synovial Joints

A

presence of space called a **synovial (joint) cavity **between articulating bones

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22
Q

Articular capsule

A

sleeve-like capsule that encloses synovial cavity

has (2) layers

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23
Q

(2) layers of the articular capsule

A

1) outer **fibrous capsule **- dense irregular connective tissue attaches to periosteum
2) inner synovial membrane - areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers

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24
Q

Synovial fluid

A

secreted by **synovial membrane **

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25
Q

the **synovial fluid **secreted by the synovial membrane

functions to ___ ___ by… (4)

A

Functions to reduce friction by:

lubricating the joint

  • *absorbing** shocks
  • *supplying** oxygen and nutrients to the cartilage

removing carbon dioxide & metabolic wastes from **cartilage **

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26
Q

Many synovial joints also contain **accessory ligaments **

examples?

A

anterior & posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee joint

(extracapsular - outside articular capsule)

(intracapsular - inside articular capsule)

collateral ligaments of the knee joint (fibular & tibular)

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27
Q

Articular Disks (Menisci)

A

crescent-shaped pads of fibrocartilage attached to fibrous capsule between articular surfaces of bones

inside some synovial joints

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28
Q

Nerve and Blood Supply

Nerve endings:

convey information about pain from __ to __ __ and ___

Nerve endings respond to the degree of __ and __ at a joint

Arterial branches from several different arteries merge around a joint before penetrating the ___ ___

A

**joint **to **spinal cord **and brain

**movement **and stretch

articular capsule

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29
Q

**Bursae **

what are they?

where are they located?

A

Sac-like structures containing fluid similar to synovial fluid

Located between **tendons, ligaments and bones **

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30
Q

Function of Bursae

A

cushion the movement of these body parts

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31
Q

**Tendon Sheaths **

A

tubelike bursae that wrap around certain tendons to reduce friction at joints

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32
Q

**Types of Movements at Synovial Joints **

(4) main categories

A

1) gliding
2) angular movements
3) rotation
4) special movements

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33
Q

Gliding

A

Simple movement back-and-forth and from side-to-side

no signicant alteration of angle between bones

limited in range

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34
Q

Example of articulation where **Gliding **Movement occurs

A

intercarpal & intertarsal joints

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35
Q

Simple movement back-and-forth and from side-to-side There is no significant alteration of the angle between the bones

Limited in range

A

Gliding Movement

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36
Q

Angular movements

A

Increase or a decrease in the angle between articulating bones

(7) types of angular movements

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37
Q

(7) types of angular movements

A

Flexion

Extension

Lateral flexion

Hyperextension

Abduction

Adduction

Circumduction

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38
Q

Decrease in the angle between articulating bones

A

Flexion

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39
Q

Example of Flexion

A

bending truck forward

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40
Q

bending truck forward

A

example of Flexion

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41
Q

Increase in angle between articulating bones

A

Extension

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42
Q

opposite of flexion

A

entension

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43
Q

movement of trunk sideways to right or left at waist

A

Lateral Flexion

44
Q

Continuation of extension beyond the normal extension

A

hyperextension

45
Q

bending trunk backward

A

hyperextension

46
Q

Movement of a bone away from the midline

A

abduction

47
Q

Moving the humerus laterally at the shoulder joint

A

abduction

48
Q

Movement of a bone toward the midline

A

adduction

49
Q

Movement that returns body parts to normal position from abduction

A

adduction

50
Q

movement of a body part in a circle

A

circumduction

51
Q

Moving the humerus in a circle at the shoulder joint

A

circumduction

52
Q

A bone revolves around its own longitudinal axis

A

rotation

53
Q

Turning the head from side to side as when you shake your head “no”

A

rotation

54
Q

(11) special movements

A

Elevation

Depression

Protraction

Retraction

Inversion

Eversion

Dorsiflexion

Plantar flexion

Supination

Pronation

Opposition

55
Q

Upward movement of a part of the body

A

elevation

56
Q

closing the mouth (lifting mandible)

A

example of elevation

57
Q

Downward movement of a part of the body

A

Depression

58
Q

opening mouth

A

example of depression

59
Q

Movement of a part of the body anteriorly

A

Protraction

60
Q

Thrusting the mandible outward

A

example of protraction

61
Q

Movement of a protracted part of the body back to normal

A

retraction

62
Q

Movement of the foot medially

A

Inversion

63
Q

Movement of the sole laterally

A

Eversion

64
Q

Bending of the foot at the ankle in an upward direction

A

Dorsiflexion

65
Q

Bending of the foot at the ankle in an downward direction

A

Plantar flexion

66
Q

Movement of the forearm so that the palm is turned upward

A

Supination

67
Q

Movement of the forearm so that the palm is turned downward

A

Pronation

68
Q

Movement of the thumb in which the thumb moves across the palm to touch the tips of the fingers on the same hand

A

Opposition

69
Q

Synovial joints are classified based on type of ___

A

movement

70
Q

Types of **synovial joints (6) **

A

planar

hinge

pivot

condyloid

saddle

ball-and-socket

71
Q

Primarily permit back-and-forth and side-to-side movements

A

Planar

72
Q

Intercarpal joints

A

planar joint

73
Q

Produce an angular, opening and closing motion

Permit only flexion and extension

A

Hinge Joint

74
Q

Knee & Elbow Joint

A

Hinge Joint

75
Q

Surface of one bone articulates with a ring formed partly by another bone

A

Pivot

76
Q

Joints that enable the palms to turn anteriorly and posteriorly

A

Pivot joints

77
Q

projection of one bone fits into the oval-shaped depression of another bone

A

Condyloid joint

78
Q

Wrist Joint

A

Condyloid

79
Q

Articular surface of one bone is saddle-shaped, and the articular surface of the other bone fits into the “saddle”

A

Saddle Joint

80
Q

Thumb Joint

A

Saddle Joint

81
Q

Ball-like surface of one bone fitting into a cuplike depression of another bone

A

Ball-and-Socket Joint

82
Q

Shoulder and Hip joint

A

Ball-and-socket joint

83
Q

The articular surfaces of synovial joints contact one another and determine the type and possible __ ___ ___

A

range of motion

84
Q

**Range of Motion **refers to?

A

the range, measured in degrees of a circle, through which the bones of a joint can be moved

85
Q

Factors contribute to keeping the articular surfaces in contact and affect range of motion (6)

A

1) structure of shape of articulating bones
2) strength or tension of joint ligaments
3) arrangement & tension of muscles
4) contact of soft parts
5) hormones
6) disuse

86
Q

1) structure of shape of articulating bones

A

Shape of bones determines how closely they fit together

87
Q

2) strength or tension of joint ligaments

A

Ligaments are tense when the joint is in certain positions

Tense ligaments restrict the range of motion & direct motion

88
Q

3) arrangement & tension of muscles

A

Muscle tension reinforces the restraint placed on a joint by its ligaments , and thus restricts movement

89
Q

4) contact of soft parts

A

The point at which one body surface contacts another may limit mobility

Movement be restricted by the presence of adipose tissue

90
Q

5) hormones

A

Flexibility may also be affected by hormones

Relaxin increases the flexibility of pubic symphysis and loosens the ligaments between sacrum and hip bone toward the end of pregnancy

91
Q

6) disuse

A

Movement may be restricted if a joint has not been used for an extended period

92
Q

Selected Joints of the Body (5)

A

Temporomandibular joint

Shoulder joint

Elbow joint

Hip joint

Knee joint

93
Q

** Temporomandibular joint **

type?

formed by?

A

Combined hinge and planar joint formed by the mandible and the temporal bone

Only movable joint between skull bones

Only the mandible moves

94
Q

**Shoulder joint **

type?

formed by?

movement?

A

Ball-and-socket joint formed by the head of the humerus and the scapula

more freedom of movement thanany other joint of the body

95
Q

** Elbow joint **

type?

formed by?

A

Hinge joint

formed by the humerus, the ulna, and the **radius **

96
Q

** Hip joint **

type?

formed by?

A

Ball-and-socket joint formed by the femur and the hip **bone **

97
Q

** Knee joint **

type?

A

Largest and most complex joint of the body

Modified hinge joint

98
Q

Does the gomphosis, suture, synchondrosis or hinge joint have more movement?

A

hinge joint

99
Q

Would a synovial, cartilaginous or fibrous joint have a meniscus?

A

synovial

100
Q

What function does the labrum have in the glenohumeral joint?

A

deepen and enlarge glenoid cavity

101
Q

What is the name of the type of joint found between the femur and the tibia?

A

**tibiofemoral **(knee) joint

modified hinge joint

102
Q

What structure secretes synovial fluid?

A

synovial membrane

103
Q

What is the classification of the joint found between the first metacarpal and the proximal phalanx?

A

synovial (condyloid)

  • diarthrosis
104
Q

Which type of joint is slightly movable and held together by fibrous connective tissue?

A

Syndesmoses

105
Q
A

KIN 260 (20 decks)

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