Chapter 10 - Muscular Tissue Flashcards
1
Q
(3) types of muscular tissue
A
skeletal
cardiac
smooth
2
Q
skeletal muscle
moves?
striated?
voluntary/involuntary?
A
moves bones
striated
works in voluntary manner but also controlled **subconsciously **
3
Q
**Cardiac **Muscle
found where?
striated?
voluntary/involuntary action?
A
found **only **in walls of the heart
striated
involuntary
4
Q
**Smooth **Muscle
located?
striated?
involuntary/voluntary action?
A
located in **walls of hollow internal structure **(blood vessels, airways & many organs)
lacks striations
usually involuntary
5
Q
Functions of **Muscular Tissue **(4)
A
1) producing body movements
2) stabilizing body positions
3) moving substances within body
4) generating heat
6
Q
Properties of Muscular Tissue (4)
A
1) electrical excitability
2) contractibility
3) extensibility (stretch)
4) Elasticity (can return to normal length)
7
Q
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
connective tissue components
A
Fascia
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
8
Q
Fascia
A
Dense sheet or broad band of irregular connective tissue that surrounds muscles
9
Q
(3) layers of connective tissue extend from fascia to protect & strengthen skeletal muscle
A
1) Epimysium
2) Perimysium
3) Endomysium
10
Q
1) Epimysium
A
The outermost layer of dense irregular connective tissue
circles entire muscle
11
Q
2) Perimysium
A
Separates 10-100 muscle fibers into bundles called fascicles
12
Q
3) Endomysium
A
penetrates interior of each fasicle & seperates individual muscle fibers from one another (mostly reticular fibers)
13
Q
Tendon
A
cord that attached muscle to a bone
14
Q
Aponeurosis
A
connective tissue elements extend as broad flat sheet
(broad flattened tendon)
15
Q
Neurons that stimulate skeletal muscle to contract are ____________motor neurons
The axon of a somatic motor neuron typically ____________many times, with each ___ extending to a different skeletal muscle fiber
A
somatic
branches
branch
16
Q
The ____________of skeletal muscle fibers is set before you are born
(most of these cells last a lifetime)
A
number
17
Q
Muscle growth occurs by?
A
**muscular hypertrophy **- an enlargement of existing muscle fibers
18
Q
What can stimulate hypertrophy?
A
**Testosterone **& **Human Growth Hormone **
19
Q
what cells retain the capacity to regenerate damaged muscle fibers ?
A
satellite cells
20
Q
The plasma membrane of a muscle cell
A
sarcolemma
21
Q
Tiny invaginations of sarcolemma
Tunnel in from the plasma membrane
Muscle action potentials travel through
A
Transverse (T Tubules)
22
Q
the cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
includes glycogen used for synthesis of ATP and a red-colored protein called ____ which binds oxygen molecules
A
Sarcoplasm
Myoglobin
23
Q
**Myoglobin **& oxygen?
A
protein that binds oxygen and releases it when it is needed for ATP production
24
Q
Thread like structures within the sarcoplasm which have a contractile function
A
myofibrils
25
membranous sacs which encircles each myofibril
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
26
dilated end sacs that butt against T-tubules from both sides
Stores calcium ions (Ca++)
& releases to trigger muscle contraction
terminal cisterns of
Sacoplasmic Reticulum
27
**(myo)filaments **
smaller protein structures within myofibrils that function in the contractile process
**thin **and **thick**
(2 **thin **for every **thick**)
28
compartments of arranged filaments
basic functional unit of a myofibril
Sarcomeres
(extend from one Z disc to another)
29
Narrow plate-shaped region of dense protein material
Separate one sarcomere from the next
Z discs
30
Thick and thin filaments overlap one another but the extent of overlap depends on?
whether muscle is contracted, relaxed or stretched
31
**Darker middle** **part** of sarcomere that **extends entire length of thick filaments** & **includes parts of thin filaments that overlap** thick filaments
A band
32
Zone of Overlap
toward each end of A band where thin & thick filaments lie side by side
33
lighter, less dense area of sarcomere that contains **thin **but **no thick filaments**
Z discs passes through center of each
I band
34
center of each A band which contains **thick **but **no thin filaments**
H zone
35
M line
supporting proteins that hold thick filaments together in H zone
36
Myofibrils are built from (3) kinds of proteins
1) contractile
2) regulatory
3) structural
37
Contractile proteins (2)
1) Myosin
2) Actin
38
Myosin
thick filaments
Functions as a **motor protein** (can achieve motion)
Convert **ATP to energy of motion**
Projections of each myosin molecule protrude outward (myosin **head**)
39
Actin
Thin filaments
**actin molecules **provide a site where a myosin head can attach
40
Myosin
head vs tail.
**head** - shaped like 2 golf clubs & protrude outward towards thin filaments
**tail - **point toward M line in center of sarcomere
41
Other parts of thin filaments other than actin
**Tropomyosin** and **troponin** are also part of the thin filament
42
In **relaxed** muscle
**Myosin** is **blocked** from binding to **actin. **Why?
How do can muscle contractions occur?
## Footnote
***WHY? - *** because trands of **tropomyosin** cover the **myosin-binding sites** (held in place by troponin)
**Calcium ion** **binding** to **troponin** moves **tropomyosin** away from myosin- binding sites
Allows muscle contraction to begin as myosin binds to actin
43
Structural Proteins (2)
1) Titin
2) Dystrophin
44
1) Titin
stabilize position of myosin
accounts for much of the elasticity & extensibilituy of myofibrils
45
2) Dystrophin
links thin filaments to sarcolemma
46
Sliding Filament Mechanism
**myosin heads attach to** and “walk” along **thin filaments** at both ends of sarcomere
**pulling thin filaments toward center of sarcomere **
**Z discs come closer together** & sarcomere shortens leading to **shortening of entire muscle**
47
** Length–Tension Relationship **
\_\_\_ of muscle contraction depends on __ of \_\_\_
**forcefulness** of muscle contraction depends on **length** of **sarcomeres**
48
When muscle fiber is stretched,
what happens to **overlap **and **tension (forcefulness) **?
LESS overlap between thick & thin filaments
tension is **diminished**
49
When a muscle fiber is shortened,
what happens to **filaments** and **tension**?
filaments are **compressed** (thick filaments crumple as they are compressed against Z discs)
fewer myosin heads make contact with thin filaments
**tension **is diminished
50
Neuromuscular Junction
synapse between a somatic motor neuron & a skeletal muscle fiber
51
Where communication occurs between a somatic motor neuron and a muscle fiber
synapse
52
Gap that separates the two cells
synaptic cleft
53
Chemical released by the initial cell communicating with the second cell
neurotransmitters
54
sacs suspended within the synaptic end bulb containing molecules of the neurotransmitter \_\_\_\_\_\_
**Synaptic Vesicles**
contain** acetylcholine (Ach) **
55
The region of the muscle cell membrane **opposite** the synaptic end bulbs that contains **Acetylcholine receptors**
Motor End Plate
56
The tension or force of muscle cell contraction varies and is dependant on (4)
1) The **rate** at which **nerve impulses arrive** (impulses/sec) - **frequency of stimulation**
2) The amount of **stretch before contraction**
3) The **nutrient** and **oxygen availability**
4) The **size** of the **motor unit **
57
Motor Units consists of a __ \_\_\_ and the __ \_\_ it stimulates
motor neuron
muscle fibers
58
The axon of a motor neuron branches out forming __ \_\_\_ with different muscular fibers (about 150)
neuromuscular junctions
59
Control of precise movements consist of **many small motor units **
How many muscle fibers per motor unit for:
1) voice production muscles
2) muscle controlling eye movement
3) muscles in arm & leg
1) 2-3
2) 10-20
3) 2000-3000
60
The total \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_of a contraction depends on the **size** of the **motor units** and the **number that are activated **
strength
61
A small amount of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_in the muscle due to weak contractions of motor units
Small groups of motor units are alternatively active and inactive in a constantly shifting pattern to sustain muscle ____________ to keep skeletal muscle firm
tautness (tension)
tone
62
(2) types of contractions
1) isotonic
2) isometric
63
**Isotonic **Contraction
**tension developed remains constant** while the **muscle changes its length**
Used for **body movements** and for **moving objects**
*ie. Picking a book up off a table *
64
**Isometric** Contraction
The tension generated is not enough for the object to be moved and the muscle does not change its length
tension **increases **without a change in muscle length
Holding a book steady using an outstretched arm
65
(2) types of **isotonic** contraction
1) concentric
2) eccentric
66
**concentric **isotonic contraction
tension generated is great enough to overcome resistance of object to be moved, muscle **shortens **& pulls on another structure to produce movement & to **reduce angle at a joint**
67
**eccentric **muscle contraction
length of muscle **increases **
68
Muscle fibers vary in their content of \_\_\_
**myoglobin **- red-coloured protein that binds oxygen in muscle fibers
69
Red Muscle Fibers
skeletal muscle fibers that have a **high myoglobin content **
- appear darker (dark meat in chicken legs & thighs)
contain **more mitochondria **
supplied by **more blood capillaries**
70
White Muscles Fibers
Have a **low myoglobin content**
Appear **lighter** (white meat in chicken breasts)
71
*Muscle fibers **contract** at **different speeds**, and **vary** in how **quickly they fatigue**.*
**Muscle fibers** are classified into (3) main types based on structural & functional characteristics.
1) **Slow oxidative (SO)** fibers
2) **Fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) **fibers
3) **Fast glycolytic** **(FG) **fibers
72
1) **Slow oxidative (SO)** fibers
## Footnote
diameter size?
power?
appearance?
generate ATP by?
speed of contraction?
time until fatigue?
for what activities?
sma**l**lest
**least** powerful
dark red (more **myoglobin)**
mainly **aerobic cellular respiration**
**slow** contraction speed (last 100-200 msec)
**very resistant** to fatigue
capable of prolonged, sustained contractions for many hours
adapted for **maintaining posture, aerobic, endurance-type **activities (running marathons)
73
2) Fast oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers
## Footnote
diameter?
contains? appearance?
generates ATP by?
resistance to fatigue?
speed of contraction?
contribute to which activities?
**intermediate **diameter size
lots of **myoglobin** & many **blood capillaries **
**aerobic cellular respiration **but also **anaerobic glycolysis**
**moderately high resistance** to fatigue
**faster **contraction speed ( \< 100 msec)
walking & sprinting
74
3)** Fast glycolytic (FG) **fibers
## Footnote
diameter?
strength?
contains? appearance?
generates ATP by?
resistance to fatigue?
adapted for?
**largest **
**most powerful** contractions
**low ****myoglobin, few**blood**capillaries**&**mitochondria**
white in colour
mainly by **glycolysis **
fibers contract **strongly & quickly**
fatigue **quickly**
intense anaerobic movements of short duration (weight lifting)
75
Most muscles are a mixture of all 3 types of muscle fibers
Proportions vary, depending on ....(3)
**1) action** of the muscle
2) the person ’s **training regimen**
**3) genetic factors**
76
Postural muscles of the neck, back, and legs have a high proportion of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_fibers
slow-oxidative (SO)
77
Muscles of the shoulders and arms have a high proportion of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_fibers
**Fast-Glycolytic (FG) **
78
Leg muscles have large numbers of both \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_fibers
**Slow-Oxidative (SO) **and **Fast Oxidative-Glycolytic (FOG) **
79
Various types of exercises can induce changes in muscle fibers
1) \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_exercise transforms some **FG** fibers into **FOG** fibers (does not increase muscle mass)
1) endurance
80
Exercises that require short bursts of strength produce an increase in the size of ___ fibers
**Fast Glycolytic ****(FG)**
81
1) Individuals with a **higher proportion of FG fibers** excel in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_activity ( 2 examples)
2) Individuals with **higher percentages of SO fibers** excel in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_activities (2 examples)
**1) intense **activity (weight lifting, sprinting)
**2) endurance **activity (long-distance running)
82
Muscle enlargement (hypertrophy) due to increased...
synthesis of thick and thin filaments
83
Cardiac Muscle Tissue is the principal tissue in the ___ wall
**heart **wall
84
**Cardiac **Muscle Tissue
what connects the ends of cardiac muscle fibers to one another?
intercalated discs
85
Cardiac Muscle fibers have the same arrangedment of actin & myosin & same bands, zones & Z discs as skeletal muscle fibers but **intercalated discs **are unique to cardiac muscle fibers.
These discs contain (2)
1) **desmosomes **- hold fibers together
2) **gap junctions - **allow muscle action potentials to spread from one cardiac muscle fiber to anotehr
86
Cardiac muscle tissue contracts when stimulated by its own \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_muscle fibers
autorhythmic
87
major physiological difference between cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue
continuous, rhythmic activity
88
Contractions of cardiac muscle last ___ than a skeletal muscle twitch
longer
89
Cardiac muscle depends on _____ to generate ATP
aerobic respiration
many mitochondria
requires constant supply of oxygen
90
Smooth Muscle Tissue
usually activated \_\_\_
Action potentials are spread through the fibers by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_junctions
Fibers are stimulated by certain ___ , \_\_, or ___ signals
involuntarily
**gap **junctions
**neurotransmitter**, **hormone** or **autorhythmic** signals
91
**Smooth Muscle Tissue **
is found in the walls of? (4)
& muscles that attach/adjust? (3)
walls of **arteries, veins, hollow organs, airways to lungs**
muscles that attach **to hair follicles,** adjust **pupil diameter** & adjust **focus on lens in eye**
92
**Smooth Muscle **contains ...? arrangement?
both **thick **and **thin filaments **
not arranged in **sarcomeres**
no regular pattern of overlap (not striated)
contains only **small amount of stored Ca2+ **
93
In Smooth muscle fibers, thin filaments attach to?
**dense bodies **& stretch from one dense body to another
94
**Dense bodies **of smooth muscle tissue
function?
function in same way as **Z discs**
during contraction, filaments pull on **dense bodies **causing shorting of muscle fiber
95
Contraction of **smooth muscle** lasts \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_than skeletal muscle contraction
initiated by? from?
longer (starts more slowly)
initiated by **Ca2+ **flow primarily from interstitial fluid & SR
Ca2+ moves slowly out of muscle fiber delaying relaxation
96
Smooth Muscle
Able to sustain long-term muscle tone because?
Prolonged presence of Ca++ in the cell provides for a state of continued partial contraction
97
Smooth Muscle is imporant in (2)?
**Gastrointestinal tract** where a steady pressure is maintained on contents of the tract
**In walls of blood vessels** which maintain a steady pressure on blood
98
Most smooth muscle fibers contract or relax in response to? (4)
1) action potentials from autonomic nervous sytem
2) in response to stretching
3) hormones
4) changes in pH, oxygen & CO2 levels
99
Muscles of the body are derived from \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
**mesoderm **except muscles of iris & arrector pili
100
As the **mesoderm** develops it becomes arranged in dense columns on either side of the developing spinal cord
These columns undergo?
**segmentation **into a series of cube-shaped structures (**somites**)
101
The cells of a **somite **differentiate into (3) regions
1) myotome
2) dermatome
3) scleratome
102
1) myotome
2) dermatome
3) scleratome
1) Forms **skeletal muscles** of **head**, **neck**, and **limbs **
2) Forms the **connective tissues**, including **dermis** of skin
3) gives rise to the **vertebrae**
103
**Cardiac** muscle and **smooth** muscle develop from migrating mesoderm cells that migrate to & envelop developing \_\_\_
**cardiac muscle- **migrate to & envelop developing **heart while it is still in the form of endocardial heart tubes **
**smooth muscle - **migrate to & envelop developing **gastrointestinal tract & viscera**
104
the attachment of a tendon to the stationary bone
origin
105
the attachment of the muscle’s other tendon to the movable bone
insertion
106
the main movements of a muscle that occur during contraction
**actions**
107
** rigid structure (1)** that can move around a **fixed point (2)**
1) lever
2) fulcrum
108
A **lever** is acted on at two different points by **(2) different forces: **
1) **effort - **causes movement
2) **load **or **resistance **- opposes movement
109
1) force due to muscular contraction
2) weight that is moved
1) effort (E)
2) load or resistance
110
Motion occurs when?
the **effort** applied to bone **at insertion exceeds** **load**.
111
** (3) types of levers** that differ on the positions of the fulcrum, effort, and load
**first-class levers - *fulcrum*** between effort & load
**second-class levers - *load ***between fulcrum & effort
**third-class levers - *****effort ***between fulcrum & load
112
origin
attachement to stationary end of muscle
113
belly (body)
thickerm middle region of muscle
114
insertion
attachement to mobile end of muscle
115
All muscle fibers are **parallel** to one another within a single fascicle.
However, fascicles form **patterns **with respect to tendons (5)
1) parallel
2) fusiform
3) circular
4) triangular
5) pennate
116
thick in middle and tapered at ends
## Footnote
**(biceps brachii) **
**fusiform**
117
parallel fascicles
**(rectus abdominis) **
parallel
118
broad at origin and tapering to a narrower insertion
triangular
119
fascicles insert obliquely on a tendon
multipennate
120
fascicles arranged:
1) only on 1 side of tendon
2) both sides of centrally positioned tendon
1) unipennate
2) bipennate
121
ring around body opening
circular
122
**prime mover (agonist) **
produces most of force
contracts & causes action
123
**syngergists**
aid **prime mover **(located close)
**stabilizes** nearby joint to prevent unwanted movement
124
antagonist
opposes **prime mover**
preventing excessive movement & injury
125
fixator
stabilize origin of **prime mover **
prevents movement of bone
126
It is common to attribute a specific action at a joint to a single muscle bundle, but muscles do not work in \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Movements usually result from several skeletal muscles acting as a group. Most skeletal muscles are arranged in _____________ (antagonistic) pairs at joints
In an opposing muscle pair, one is called the **prime mover** or **agonist** and is responsible for the action, while the other muscle called the _____________ stretches and yields to effects of the agonist
To prevent unwanted _____________ at other joints or to otherwise aid the movement of the agonist, muscles called _____________ contract and stabilize the intermediate joints.
Other muscles act as _____________ , stabilizing the origin of the agonist so that the agonist is more efficiently
isolation
opposing
antagonist
movement
synergists
fixators
127
Muscles of facial expression
located?
originate? insert?
lie within subcutaneous layer
originate in **fascia or skull bones**
insert into **skin**
128
Because of their insertions, the muscles of facial expression move the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_rather than a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_when they contract.
**skin **rather than a **joint**
129
Facial expression muscles innervated by?
facial (VII) nerve (CN VII)
130
(6) **extrinsic** eye muscles control movements of each eyeball.
(originate on outside of eyeballs in bony orbit & insert on outer surface of sclera)
superior recti
inferior recti
lateral recti
medial recti
superior oblique
inferior oblique
131
superior rectus
moves eye **superiorly & medially **(elevation & adduction)
rotates eye medially
132
inferior rectus
moves eye inferiorly (depression) & medially (adduction) & rotates medially
133
lateral & medial rectus
move eye laterally (abduction) & medially (adduction)
134
inferior oblique
elevation & abduction & rotates laterally
135
superior oblique
depression, abduction & rotates medially
136
Recti muscles of the eye have obvious actions.
The actions of the (2) oblique eye muscles can't be deduced from their names.
origin & insertion of oblique eye muscles
1) **superior oblique**
**origin**: sphenoid, superior & medial to tendinous ring in orbit
**insertion: **between superior & lateral recti (via tendon that passes through trochlea)
2) **inferior oblique**
**origin: **maxilla in floor of orbit
**insertion: **between inferior & lateral recti
137
levator palpebrae superioris
origin, insertion, action
does not move eyeball
**origin**: roof of orbit
**insertion: **skin of upper eyelids
**actions: **elevates upper eyelid (opens eyes)
138
Muscles of the tongue
(2) types
1) **intrinsic **- alter shape of tongue
2) **extrinsic -**move tongue, connect tongue to hyoid, styloid process, palate & inside of chin
139
(4) extrinsic muscles of the tongue
**genioglossus** - down & forward
**styloglossus** - up & backward
**Hyoglossus** - down & flattens
**Palatoglossus** - raises posterior portio
140
**Muscles of Mastication (4) **
**Masseter** - close mouth
**Temporalis -** elevate & retract
**Medial Pterygoid -** elevate, protrude, side to side
**Lateral Pterygoid** - protract, depress (open), side to side
141
**Muscles of Mastication **
arise from?
insert on?
arise from **temporomandibular joint (TMJ) **insert on **mandible **
142
**Temporalis** and **Masseter** _________ the mandible
**Medial** and **Lateral Pterygoids** help elevate, but produce ________ swinging of jaw
close
side to side
143
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and medial \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_account for the strength of the bite.
The medial and lateral \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_muscles help to chew by moving the mandible from side to side. Additionally, these muscles protract (protrude) the mandible.
Masseter, Temporalis & medial pterygoid
pterygoid
144
swallowing & speech
(2) main muscle groups in the **anterior neck**
**1) suprahyoid **- superior to hyoid
**2) infrahyoid **- inferior to hyoid
145
Both Suprahyoid & Infrahyoid muscles \_\_\_ the hyoid bone, allowing it to serve as a firm base on which the \_\_can move.
stabilize
tongue
146
**Muscles of the neck that move the head **
e head articulates with the vertebral column at joints formed by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_& \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_bone.
atlas & occipital
147
An important landmark (the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_muscle) divides the sides of the neck into two major triangles: **anterior** and **posterior**
Sternocleidomastoid
148
Muscles of the neck that move the head (5)
**sternocleidomastoid**
**semispinalis capitis**
**splenius capitis**
**longissimus capitis**
**spinalis capitis**
149
**Muscles of the Abdomen (protect the viscera and move the vertebral column) **
The \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_abdominal wall includes the **external** oblique, **internal** oblique, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_abdominis muscles which form 3 protective layers around the abdomen
anterolateral
transversus
150
The aponeuroses of the external & internal oblique & transversus abdominis form the ____________ which enclose the?
rectus sheaths
rectus abdominis muscles
151
the rectus sheaths form the ___ \_\_\_
**linea** **alba**
a connective tissue band extending from the xiphoid process to the pubic symphysis
152
Muscles of the Thorax that Assist in Breathing (3)
1) diaphragm
2) external intercostals
3) internal intercostals
153
most important respiratory muscle
diaphragm
154
Muscles of the Pelvic Floor (3)
Levator Ani (pubococcygeus & iliococcygeus)
Ischiococcygeus
155
the levator ani & ischiococcygeus together with the fascia covering their internal & external surfaces are referred to as the?
pelvic diaphragm
156
a diamond-shaped area inferior to the pelvic diaphragm that extends from the pubic symphysis anteriorly, to the coccyx posteriorly, and to the ischial tuberosities laterally.
perineum
157
(2) layers of perineal muscles
1) deep
2) superficial
158
superficial perineal muscles (3)
superficial transverse perineal
bulbospongiosus
ischiocavernosus
159
Deep muscles of perineum (5)
deep transverse perineal
external anal sphincter
compressor urethrae
sphincter urethrovaginalis
external anal sphincter
160
deep muscles of the perineum assist in ?
**urination** and **ejaculation** in males and **urination** and **compression** of the vagina in females
161
Muscles of the Thorax that Move the Pectoral Girdle
(2) groups
1) anterior thoracic muscles
2) posterior thoracic muscles
162
1) anterior thoracic muscles
subclavius
pectoralis minor
serratus anterior
163
2) posterior thoracic muscles (4)
trapezius
levator scapulae
rhomboid major
rhomboid minor
164
Axial muscles that move humerus (2)
pectoralis major
latissimus dorsi
165
scapular muscles that move humerus (7)
deltoid
subscapularis
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres major
teres minor
corachobrachialis
166
7 of 9 muscles that cross shoulder joint originate on the scapula except...
this is why they are called **axial muscles**
latissimus dorsi & pectoralis major
167
(4) deep muscles of shoulder form the **rotator cuff **
subscapularis
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres minor
168
forearm flexors
biceps brachii
brachialis
brachioradialis
169
forearm extensors (2)
triceps brachii
anconeus
170
forearm pronators
pronator teres
pronator quadratus
171
forearm supinator
supinator
172
Muscles of forearm (move wrist, hand thumb & digits)
(2) groups (2 in each)
anterior (flexor) - superior & deep
posterior (extensor) - superior & deep
173
superficial anterior (flexor) compartment
flexor carpi radialis
palmaris longus
flexor carpi ulnaris
flexor digitorum superficialis
174
deep anterior (flexor) compartment
flexor pollicis longus
flexor digitorum profundus
175
superficial posterior (extensor) compartment
extensor carpi radialis long
extensor carpi radialis brevis
extensor digitorum
extensor digitorum minimi
extensor carpi ulnaris
176
deep posterior (extensor) compartment
abductor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis longus
extensor pollicis brevis
extensor indicis
177
Intrinsic muscles of the hand (palm) (move digits)
(3) groups
thenar (lateral)
hypothenar (medial)
intermediate (midpalmar)
178
thenar eminance formed by?
thenar muscles + adductor pollicis
179
thenar (lateral aspect of palm) muscles
abductor pollicis brevis
opponens pollicis
flexor pollicis brevis
adductor pollicis
180
hypothenar (medial aspect of palm) muscles
abductor digiti minimi
flexor digiti minimi brevis
opponens digiti minimi
181
intermediate (midpalmar)
lumbricals
palmar interossei
dorsal interossei
182
Muscles of the Neck and Back that Move the Vertebral Column
Splenius
Erector spinae (iliocostal, longissimus, spinalis)
transversospinales
segmental
scalenes
183
Erector spinae group
3 columns muscle
from sacrum to ribs extends vertebral column
184
Semispinalis group
vertebrae to vertebrae
extends neck
185
Multifidis
vertebrae to vertebrae
rotates vertebral column
186
quadratus lumborum
ilium to 12th rib
lateral flexion
187
muscles of the back (4)
erector spinae group
semispinalis group
multifidis
quadratus lumborum
188
muscles of the gluteal region that move the femur
iliopsoas (psoas major & iliacus)
gluteus maximus, medius & minimus
tensor fascia latae
piriformis
obturator internus & externus
superior & inferior gemellus
quadratus femoris
adductor longus, brevis & magnus
pectineus
189
Muscles of the thigh
(3) compartments
1) medial (adduction)
2) anterior (extensor)
3) posterior (flexor) - flex & extend thigh
190
Muscles of the leg that move the foot & toes
(3) compartments
1) **anterior** - dorsiflex foot
2) **lateral** (**fibular**) - plantar flex & evert
3) **posterior** (**superior** & **deep**)
191
Intrinsic muscles of the foot that move the toes
(2) groups
1) dorsal
2) plantar
192
There is only \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_dorsal muscle which extends toes 2–5 at the MTP joints.
2
193
Plantar muscles are arranged in \_\_layers with the most superficial of these called the first layer, etc.
4
