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KIN 260 > Chapter 15 & 16 - ANS & Sensory, Motor & Integrative Systems > Flashcards

Chapter 15 & 16 - ANS & Sensory, Motor & Integrative Systems Flashcards

1
Q

(2) divisions of ANS

A

sympathetic

parasympathetic

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2
Q

Structure of the Sympathetic Division

A

thorocolumbar (sympathetic) division- Preganglionic neurons originate from thoracic & lumbar levels of spinal cord (T1-L2).

**Sympathetic ganglia - **site of synapse between sympathetic pre & postganglionic

(2) types - sympathetic trunk & prevertebral (collateral) ganglia

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3
Q

Preganglionic & postganglionic neurons

A

**preganglionic - **cell body in CNS, exits as cranial/spinal nerve

axon = type B fiber (small, myelinated)

**postganglionic - **in PNS (outside CNS), cell body & dendrites in **autonomic ganglia **

axon = small, unmyelinated type C fiber

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4
Q

Sympathetic division

**sympathetic ganglia (2) **

A

**Sympathetic trunk (vertebral chain) ganglia. - **innervate organs above diaphragm

Prevertebral (collateral) ganglia: celiac, superior mesenteric, inferior mesenteric,
aorticorenal and renal.

innervate organs below diaphragm

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5
Q

Once axons of sympathetic preganglionic neurons pass to **sympathetic trunk ganglia, **they may connect with postganglionic neurons in the following ways (4)

A

1) synapse with neurons in nearest gangliaon
2) axons ascend/descend to higher/lower ganglion, **sympathetic chains **
3) through sympathetic trunk ganglion to synapse with neurons in prevertebral ganglion
4) through **sympathetic trunk & prevertebral **to chromaffin cells of adrenal medulla

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6
Q

A single sympathetic preganglionic fiber has many axon _______________ and may synapse with 20 or more postganglionic neurons.

A

branches (collaterals)

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7
Q

sympathetic postganglionic axons typically terminate in several

A

visceral effectors

therefore effects are more widespread than parasympathetic stimulation

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8
Q

Structure of the Parasympathetic Division

A

craniosacral divison - Preganglionic neurons originate from cranial
nerves III, VII, IX, X & sacral spinal nerves S2-S4

**parasympathetic ganglia - **preganglionic synapse with postganglionic in **terminal (intramural) ganglia **.

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9
Q

Parasympathetic Presynaptic neuron usually synapses with 4-5 postsynaptic neurons all of which supply ?

A

a single visceral effector

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10
Q

Autonomic Plexuses in Thorax, Abdomen & Pelvis

A

network of sympathetic & parasympathetic neurons

**thorax plexus - **heart

**pulmonary plexus - **bronchial tree

**celiac (solar) **plexus - largest. stomach, spleen, pancreas, liver, gallbladder & adrenal medulla

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11
Q

Sympathetic response

A

fight or flight

↑ ATP, heart rate, BP, blood supply to skeletel/cardiac muscles, liver & fat, blood glucose

dilation of pupils, constriction of blood vessels

breakdown of glycogen & lipids

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12
Q

Parasympathetic Responses

A

rest & digest

**conserve & restore energy **

↑ digestive & urinary function

↓ body functions supporting physical activity

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13
Q

Sensation

A

conscious & subconscious awareness of changes in environment

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14
Q

components of sensation

A

Stimulation of sensory receptor → transduction of stimulus → nerve impulses → integration of sensory input.

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15
Q

Classification of Sensory Receptors

A

General senses

Special Senses

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16
Q
  1. General senses
  2. Special senses
A

1) somatic & visceral
a. **somatic - **tactile, thermal, pain &proprioceptive sensations

b. Visceral- provide info about conditions within internal organs.

2) smell, taste, vision, hearing, equilibrium/balance

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17
Q

Types of Sensory Receptors

A

free nerve endings

encapsulted nerve endings

seperate cells

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18
Q

free nerve endings

A

pain & thermoreceptors

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19
Q

encapsulated nerve endings

A

dendrites enclosed in CT capsule

pacinian corpuscles

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20
Q

seperate cells

A

hair cells, photoreceptors & gustatory receptor cells

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21
Q

Generator Potential and Receptor Potential

A

Generator potential: produced by free nerve, encapsulated **nerve **endings, and olfactory receptors. When it reaches threshold, triggers 1+ nerve impulses in axon of ** first-order sensory neuron. **

Receptor potential triggers release of neurotransmitters→ **postsynaptic potential → action potential. **

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22
Q

Classification of Sensory Receptors Based on the Location

A

o Exteroceptors: external surface
o **Interoceptors: **internal environment (vessels, organs & muscles & NS)
o **Proprioceptors: **muscles, tendons, joints & nner ear

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23
Q

Classification of Sensory Receptors based on the type of Stimulus

A

**mechanoreceptors - **mechanical stimuli (touch, proprioception)

thermoreceptors

**nociceptors - **pain

**photoreceptors - **light

**chemoreceptors - **chemicals in mouth, nose & body fluids

**Osmoreceptors **

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24
Q

Adaptation of Sensory Receptors

A

**rapidly adapting receptors: ** detect pressure, touch and smell.

**slowly adapting receptors: **detect pain, body position & blood chemical composition

25
Q

**Somatic Sensations **

(4) modalities

A

sensory receptors in skin, muscles, tendons, joints & inner ear

**1) tactile **

2) thermal

3) pain

**4) proprioceptive **

26
Q

**
Tactile Sensations **include?

A

touch

pressure

vibration

itch

tickle

27
Q

Tactile receptors in skin

A

Meissner corpuscles

hair root plexuses

Merkel discs

Ruffini corpuscles

pacinian corpuscles

free nerve endings.

28
Q

Meissner Corpuscles or Corpuscles of Touch

A

egg-shaped mass of **dendrites **enclosed by capsule of CT

rapidly adapting

  • *dermal papillae of hairless skin *

TOUCH & PRESSURE

29
Q

Hair root plexuses

A

rapidly adapting- **touch **

in hairy skin

free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicles

detect movement on skin that disturbs hair

30
Q

Merkel Discs or Tactile Discs

A

type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors

slowly adapting touch

fingertips, hands, lips, external genitals

31
Q

Ruffini Corpuscles

A

type II cutaneous mechanoreceptors

elongated, encapsulated receptors

deep in dermis, ligaments & tendons

hands & soles

32
Q

Pacinian or Lamellated Corpuscles

A

Large oval structure composed of a multilayered CT capsule that encloses a dendrite (encapsulated)

fast adapting - pressure

joints, tendons, muscles, peiosteum, mammary glands, external genitals, pancreas & urinary bladder

33
Q

Thermal Sensations

A

thermoreceptors

**cold - **stratum basale: medium myelinated A fibers

**warm - **dermis: small unmyelinated C

34
Q

Pain Sensations

A

protective

nociceptors

free nerve endings

**fast: **acute, sharp/pricking

**slow: **chronic, aching

35
Q

Refered pain

A

Pain is felt in or just deep to the skin that overlies the stimulated organ or in a surface area far from the stimulated organ

36
Q

Proprioceptive Sensations

A

proprioceptors

slow adaptation

weight discrimation

(3) types: **muscle spindles, tendon organs & joint kinesthetic receptors **

37
Q

Proprioceptors: muscle spindles

A

parellel to & among skeletal muscle fibers

measure muscle length

consist of **intrafusal (inside) muscle fibers - **specialized with sensory nerve endings & gamma motor neurons

**extrafusal (outside) muscle fibers - **surround muscle fiber supplied by alpha motor neurons

38
Q

Tendon Organs

A

at junction of tendon & muscle

protect tendons from damage due to xs tension

thin capsule of CT that encloses few tendon fascicles

39
Q

Joint Kinesthetic Receptors

A

Found within or around articular capsules of synovial joints.
Free nerve endings & Ruffini corpuscles respond to pressure

**pacinian corpuscles **respond to accel/deceleration of joints during movement

40
Q

Somatic Sensory Pathways

  1. first order neurons
  2. second order neuron
  3. third order neuron
A
  1. (somatic receptor →** brain stem/spinal cord**
  2. brain stem/spinal cord → thalamus
  3. thalamus → primary somatosensory area
41
Q

Major Somatic sensory pathways

A

o The posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway.
o The anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway.
o The trigeminothalamic pathway.
o The anterior and posterior spinocerebellar pathway.

42
Q

The Posterior Column-Medial Lemniscus Pathway

A

impulses for touch, pressure, vibration, conscius proprioception from **limbs, trunk, neck, & posterior head **to cerebral cortex

43
Q

The Anterolateral (spinothalamic) pathway

A

pain, cold , warmth, itch, & tickle from the limbs, trunk, neck, and posterior head to cerebral cortex.

44
Q

Trigeminothalamic Pathway

A

most somatic sensations

from face, nasal/oral cavity & teeth to cerebral cortex

45
Q

Somatic Motor Pathways

A

upper motor neurons → lower motor neurons →
skeletal muscles

46
Q

Neural circuits involving basal ganglia and cerebellum regulate activity of
_______________ motor neurons.

A

upper

47
Q

Organization of the Upper Motor Neuron Pathways

**direct motor pathway **

A

originates in cerebral cortex

48
Q

Direct Motor pathways (2)

A

**corticospinal - **limbs & trunk

**corticobulbar - **skeletal muscles in head

49
Q

Indirect motor pathway-

A

originates in brain stem

50
Q

Indirect or Extrapyramidal Pathways (4)

A

Rubrospinal tract

  • Tectospinal tract
  • Vestibulospinal tract
  • Reticulospinal tract
51
Q

Modulation of Movement from the Cerebellum

A

coordinates and smoothes contractions of skeletal
muscles during skilled movements & helps maintain posture and balance.

52
Q

Integrative Functions of the Cerebrum

A

wakefulness, sleep, learning, memory

53
Q

o The role of Reticular Activating System (RAS) in Awakening

A

neuronal axons from **reticular formation **through **thalamus **to cerebral cortex

increased activity = awakening

54
Q

Sleep

(2) components

A

state of altered consciousness

1) NREM
2) REM

55
Q

4 stages of sleep

A
  1. relaxed
  2. light sleep
  3. moderately deep sleep
  4. deepest sleep (sleepwalking)
56
Q

Learning

A

ability to acquire new info/skills through instruction/experience

57
Q

Memory

A

process by which information acquired through **learning **is stored and retrieved.

58
Q

Memory types (3)

A

immediate

short-term

long-term

59
Q
A

KIN 260 (20 decks)

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