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KIN 260 > Chapter 28 - Reproductive System > Flashcards

Chapter 28 - Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

gametes

A

sex cells

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2
Q

gametes (sex cells) combine their genes to form ?

A

fertilized egg - **zygote **

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3
Q

Primary Sex Organs

A

produce gametes (testes & ovaries)

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4
Q

Secondary Sex Organs

A

male - **ducts, glands, penis **delivers sperm cells

female - **uterine tubes, uterus & vagina **recieve sperm & nourish developing fetus

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5
Q

secondary sex characteristics

A

develop at puberty to attract a mate

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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

our cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes

22 pairs of **autosomes - **non-sex chromosomes

1 pair of sex chromosomes

XY **males - **XX females

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7
Q

sex of child determined by?

A

type of sperm that fertilizes mother’s eff

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8
Q

**Gonads **begin to develop at __ weeks

(2) sets of ducts

A

6 weeks

**mesonephric - **develop into male reproductive system

**paramesonephric - **develop into female reproductive tract

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9
Q

SRY gene

in males, codes for?

A

sex-determining region of Y gene

in males, codes for **protein that causes developement of testes → secrete testosterone → mullerian-inhibiting factor → **degenerates paramesonephric ducts

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10
Q

Female development occurs in absence of?

A

SRY

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11
Q

External genitals of male & female embryos remain undifferentiated until about ___ weeks

both have same (3) structures

A

8

1) urogenital folds
2) genital tubercle
3) labitoscrotal swelling

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12
Q

1) urogenital folds
2) genital tubercle
3) labitoscrotal swelling

A

1) MALE - enclose urethra

FEMALE - form labia minora

2) M: glans of penis

F: clitoris

3) scrotum or labia majora

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13
Q

Gonads of male - **testes **

A

produce sperm & secrete hormones

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14
Q

**System of ducts **in male testes

A

transport & store sperm. assist in their maturation, convey them to exterior

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15
Q

Sperm:

Seminiferous tubules → ?…

A

straight tubules → rete testis → efferent ducts in epididymis → ductus epididymis

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16
Q

Function of Epididymis

A

sperm maturation & storage

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17
Q

From epididymis, sperm travels to…

A

Vas deferens (ductus deferens) (part of spermatic cord) → ejaculatory ducts → urethra

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18
Q

Accessory sex glands (3)

A

add secretions to semen

seminal vesicles, prostate & bulbourethral glands

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19
Q

Accessory sex glands

  • seminal vesicles
A

help neutralize acidic environment of male urethra & female reproductive tract by secreting alkaline fluid

  • fructose for ATP production

60% of sperm volume

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20
Q

Accessory sex glands

  • Prostate
A

slightly acidic fluid

for ATP production, proteolytic enzymes to break down clotting (eventually) from seminal vesicle

antibiotic to destroy bacteria

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21
Q

Accessory sex glands

  • bulbourethral glands
A

alkaline fluid

protects sperm by neutralizing acids from urine in urethra

secrete mucus - lubricates end of penis & urethra lining,

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22
Q

Scrotum

A

supporting structure for **testes **

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23
Q

**raphe **of scrotum

A

external median ridge

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24
Q

1) Scrotal septum

2) Cremaster muscle

A

1) internally divides scrotum into two sacs, each containing a single testis

made up of subQ layer & muscle tissue - **dartos muscle **(smooth muscle)

2) series of skeletal muscle bands associated with each testis in scrotum

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25
Q

**Testes **

1) tunica vaginalis
2) tunica albuginea

A

1) serous membrane partially covering testes
2) internal - white fibrous capsule

extends inward & divides testis into **lobules **which contain **seminiferous tubules **that produce sperm

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26
Q

(2) types of cells in **seminiferous tubules **

A

**1) spermatogenic cells - **sperm-forming cells

**2) sertoli cells- **functions in supporting spermatogenesis

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27
Q

**Spermatagonia **( __ ___) develop from __ ___ cells that arise in ___ __ and enter testes in __ week of developement

A

(sperm cells)

primordial germ cells

yolk sac

5th

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28
Q

toward lumen of seminiferous tubule are layers of progressively more mature cells.

In order of advancing maturity:

A

primary spermatocytes → 2ndary spermatocytes →spermatids →sperm cells

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29
Q

Sertoli cells

A

embedded among spermatogenic cells

extend from basement membrane to lumen

  • nourish, phagocytize xs cytoplasm, control movements, & release of sperm into lumen

produce fluid for sperm transport

secrete inhibin & regulate effects of testosterone & FSH

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30
Q

Leydig (interstitial) cells

A

found in spaces between seminiferous tubules

secrete testosterone

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31
Q

Sperm

1) Head
2) Tail

A

1) nucleus with 23 chromosomes

acrosome - vesicle filled with oocyte penetrating enzyme (for fertilization)

2) neck - contains centrioles forming microtubules that comprise remainder of tail

**middle piece - **contains mitochondria

**principal piece - **longest portion of tail

**end piece - **terminal, tapering portion of tail

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32
Q

Spermatic cord

A

ascends out of scrotum

includes ductus deferens

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33
Q

Ejaculatory ducts terminate in ___

A

prostatic urethra

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34
Q

Urethra

subdivided into (3)?

A

1) prostatic
2) membranous
3) spongy (penile)

ends at external urethral orifice

35
Q

Penis

A

contains urethra

passageway for ejaculation of semen & excretion of urine

Body of Penis

Glans Penis

**Prepuce (foreskin) **

**Root **

36
Q

Body of penis

A

3 cylindrical masses of tissue with erectile tissue

37
Q

Glans penis

A

terminal opening is external urethral orifice

38
Q

**Prepuce **

A

aka foreskin

covers glans in uncircumsized men

39
Q

Root of penis

A

attached proximal portion

consists of **bulb **& crura

40
Q

Female reproductive system

A

gonads - ovaries

uterine (fallopian) tubes (oviducts)

uterus

vagina

external organs - vulva or pudendum

mammary glands

41
Q

Ovaries

A

analagous to testes

produce gametes - 2ndary oocytes that develop into mature **ova (eggs) **after fertilization

42
Q

Series of ligament hold **ovaries **into place

(3)

A

**1) broad ligament - **part of parietal peritoneum

**2) ovarian ligament - **anchors ovaries to uterus

**3) suspensory ligament - **attaches ovaries to pelvic wall

43
Q

Histology of ovary

  • consists of? (7)
A

1) germinal epithelium
2) tunica albuginea
3) ovarian cortex
4) ovarian medulla
5) ovarian follicles
6) mature (graafian) follicles
7) corpus luteum

44
Q

1) germinal epithelium
2) tunica albuginea
3) ovarian cortex
4) ovarian medulla
5) ovarian follicles
6) mature (graafian) follicles
7) corpus luteum

A

1) covers ovary surface
2) whitish capsule of dense irregular CT
3) ovarian follicles surrounded by stromal cells
4) contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels & nerves
5) in cortex, consists of **oocytes **in various stages of development

surrounding cells nourish developing oocyte (**follicular -> granulosa cells) **& secrete estrogens as follicle grows

6) large, fluid-filled, ready to expel 2ndary oocyte - ovulation
7) contains remnants of mature follicle after ovulation - produces progesterone, estrogens, relaxin, inhibin until it degenerates into fibrous scar tissue (corpus albicans)

45
Q

**Uterine (fallopian tubes) **or oviduct

A

extend laterally from uterus

provide route for sperm to reach ovum

transport 2ndary oocytes & fertilized ova from ovaries to uterus

46
Q

parts of the **Uterine (fallopian) tube **

A

Infundibulum

fimbrae

ampulla

isthmus

47
Q

Parts of Uterine (fallopian) Tube

Infundibulum

Fimbrae

Ampulla

Isthmus

A

funnel shaped portion, **infundibulum **close to ovary & open to pelvic cavity

  • ends in finger-like fimbrae, one of which is attached to lateral end of ovary

**ampulla - **widest longest portion

isthmus - more medial, narrow, thick-walled portion that joins uterus

48
Q

Histology of Uterine tubes

(3) layers

A

1) mucosa
2) muscularis
3) serosa

49
Q

Histology of Uterine tubes

(3) layers
1) mucosa
2) muscularis
3) serosa

A

1) epithelium & lamina propria, **ciliary conveyer belts **help move fertilized ovum toward uterus & **peg cells **that nourish ovum
2) inner, thick, circular smooth muscle ring & outer, thin, longitudinal smooth muscle region, also help move ovum toward uterus
3) serous membrane

50
Q

**Uterus **

anatomical subdivisions (3)

A

1) fundus
2) body
3) cervix

**isthmus - **constricted region b/w uterus body & cervix

51
Q

Uterine cavity

A

interior of body of uterus

52
Q

cervical canal

A

interior of cervix

53
Q

cervical canal opens into uterine cavity at __ ___ and into vagina at __ ___

A

cervical canal opens into uterine cavity at internal os and into vagina at external os

54
Q

Anteflexion of uterus

A

normally, body of uterus project anteriorly & superiorly over urinary bladder (called anteflexion)

55
Q

Several ligaments maintain position of uterus (4)

A

1) broad
2) uterosacral - connect to sacrum
3) cardinal (lateral cervical)
4) round

56
Q

Histology of Uterus

**(3) **layers

A

1) perimetrium
2) myometrium
3) endometrium

57
Q

Histology of Uterus

(3) layers

1) perimetrium
2) myometrium
3) endometrium

A

1) part of visceral peritoneum
- broad ligament (laterally), **vesicouterine pouch **(anteriorly), **rectouterine pouch **(posteriorly)
2) middle layer - 3 layers of smooth muscle

labor → oxytocin from posterior pituitary → help expel fetus

3) two layers -stratum basalis **(basal layer) - permanent, gives rise to new stratum functionalis (functional layer) lines uterine cavity & sloughs off during menstration

58
Q

Blood supply to **Uterus **

A

internal iliac a. → uterine a. → arcuate a. → radial a. → straight (stratum basalis) + spiral arterioles (stratum functionalis) → uterine v. → internal iliac v.

59
Q

Cervical mucus

A

alkaline secretion produced by secretory cells of mucosa that is more hospitable to sperm near ovulation but otherwise impedes sperm at other times.

function in **capacitation - **functional changes in sperm before they are able to fertlize 2ndary oocyte

60
Q

Vagina

A

fibromuscular canal extending from exterior of body to uterine cervix

acidic environment

61
Q

Histology of Vagina

(2) layers

A

1) muscularis
2) adventitia

62
Q

Histology of Vagina

1) muscularis
2) adventitia

A

1) outer circular layer, inner longitudinal layer of smooth muscle
2) superficial layer of areolar CT that **anchors vagina to adjacent organs **

63
Q

Hymen of Vagina

A

thin fold of vascularized mucous membrane forming border around & partially closing **vaginal orifice **

64
Q

**Vulva (pudendum) **

A

external genitals of female

65
Q

components of **Vulva (5) **

A

1) mons pubis
2) labia majora
3) labia minora
4) clitoris
5) vestibule
6) bulb of vestibule

66
Q

Components of Vulva

1) mons pubis
2) labia majora
3) labia minora
4) clitoris
5) vestibule
6) bulb of vestible

A

1) adipose tissue covered by skin & pubic hair
2) homologous to scrotum ** - oil & sweat glands
3) homologous to **spongy (penile) urethra - **only few sweat but many oil glands
4) **prepuce & glans clitoris - **(glans penis) *
5) betwen labia minora - (membranous urethra) *
6) *(corpus spongiosum & bulb of penis) *

67
Q

Perineum

contains?

A

diamond-shaped area medial to thighs & butt of males & females

contains external genitalia & anus

68
Q

Breast/Mammary glands

A

**nipple **has openings of **lactiferous ducts **

**areola - **pigmented area

**mammary gland **- modified sudoriferous (sweat) glands that produce milk

**lobes **divided into lobules which are composed **alveoli **(milk-secreting glands)

69
Q

When milk is being produced it passes from ___ to…

A

alveoli → secondary tubules → mammary ducts → lactiferous sinuses → lactiferous duct (lobe → exterior)

70
Q

Ovarian cycle

A

series of events in ovaries that occur during & after maturation of an oocyte

71
Q

Uterine (menstrual) cycle

A

concurrent series of changes in endometrium of uterus to prepare for arrival of fertilized ovum that will develop there after birth

72
Q

Female reproductive cycle encompasses…

A

ovarian & uterine cycles, hormonal changes that regulate them & related cyclical changes in breasts & cervix

73
Q

What controls the ovarian & uterine cycles?

A

**Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) **secreted by hypothalamus

74
Q

**Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) **stimulates?

A

release of **follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) **and **luteinizing hormone (LH) **from anterior pituitary.

75
Q

**1) Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) **

** 2) Luteinizing hormone (LH) **

stimulate?

A

1) initiates follicular growth
2) stimulates further development of ovarian follicles

**BOTH **stimulate ovarian follicles to secrete **estrogens. **

76
Q

Functions of **Estrogens **

secreted by?

A

promote development & maintence of female reproductive structures & sex characteristics & breasts

**ovarian follicles **

77
Q

1) GnRH
2) FSH & LH
3) estrogens
4) progesterone
5) relaxin
6) inhibin

produced by? function?

A

1) **hypothalamus - **controls ovarian & uterine cycles
2) **anterior pituitary - **follicular growth & further development, stimulate ovarian follicles to secrete estrogens
3) **ovarian follicles - **develop/maintain female repro. structures & sex characteristics
4) **cells of corpus luteum - **prep/maintain endometrium for implantation & mammary glands for milk secretion, inhibit GnRH + LH
5) **corpus luteum - **inhibits myometrium contractions (relax uterus)
6) **granulosa cells **of growing follicles & **corpus luteum - **inhibits FSH secretion & LH

78
Q

Phases of Female Reproductive Cycle (4)

A

1) menstrual
2) preovulatory
3) ovulation
4) postovulatory

79
Q

1) menstrual phase

A

first 5 days

**IN OVARIES: **FSH → primordial f. → 1º f. →2º f.

IN UTERUS: ↓ progesterone & estrogens → ↑ prostaglandins → uterine spiral arteries constrict → endometrium shedding

80
Q

2) preovulatory phase

A

days 6-13 in 28 day cycle

UTERINE CYCLE - proliferative phase (endometrium is proliferating)

**IN OVARIES: **2 f. secrete estrogens & inhibin → dominant follicle → ↓ FSH → mature (graafian) follicle

**IN UTERUS: **estrogens stimulate repair of endometrium

81
Q

3) ovulation

A

day 14

high estrogens levels at end of preov. phase exert **positive feedback effect **on cells that secrete LH & GnRH

↑ estrogens → ↑ GnRH + ↑ LH

↑ GnRH → ↑**FSH **

↑ LH → rupture of mature (graafian) follicle & release of 2ndary oocyte into pelvic cavity

82
Q

Follicular phase

A

with reference to ovarian cycle,

menstrual + preovulatory phase

because ovarian follicles are growing & developing

83
Q

4) postovulatory phase

A

lasts 14 days (day 15-28)

**IN ONE OVARY: **luteal phase (ovarian cycle)

blood clot, LH → theca interna + granulosa → corpus luteum cells

not fertilized: corpus luteum → corpus albicans

fertilized: 2ndary oocyte divides & corpus luteum persists

**IN UTERUS: **thickening of endometrium,

**Secretory phase **(uterine cycle) - secretory action of endometrial glands

84
Q

Hormone cycle:

hierarchy of control?

A

hypothalamus → pituitary → ovaries → uterus

KIN 260 (20 decks)

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