Chapter 19 - Cardiovascular System - Blood Flashcards
1
Q
**Blood **
A
liquid connective tissue consisting of cells surrounded by liquid extracellular matrix **(blood plasma) **
2
Q
(3) general functions of blood
A
transportation
regulation
protection
3
Q
(2) components of blood
A
1) blood plasma
2) formed elements (cells & cell fragments)
4
Q
blood plasma
A
watery liquid extracellular matrix
5
Q
**Blood Plasma **is made up of?
A
91.5% water, 8.5% solutes (primarily proteins)
6
Q
What synthesizes most plasma proteins?
A
Hepatocytes
7
Q
Types of Plasma Proteins
A
Albumins (54%)
fibrinogen
antibodies
globulins (38%)
8
Q
(3) components of formed elements of blood
A
1) red blood cells
2) white blood cells
3) platelets
9
Q
**Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) **
contain?
production = ?
shape?
consist of?
lack?
A
contain **hemoglobin - **oxygen-carrying protein
production **= destruction **(2 million new RBCs/second)
biconcave disk (increases surface area)
glycolipids in PM responsible for ABO & Rh blood groups
no nucleus or mitochondria
10
Q
Hemoglobin
made of?
A
**Heme - **ring like nonprotein pigment
- 1 in each of 4 chains
**Globin - **4 polypeptide chains
11
Q
Hemoglobin & Iron
A
iron ion at center of heme ring can combine reversibly with one oxygen molecule
12
Q
What can bind to hemoglobin?
A
Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide & Nitric Oxide (NO)
13
Q
release of nitric oxide from hemoglobin causes?
A
**vasodilation **- increase in blood vessel diameter
to improve blood flow & oxygen delivery
14
Q
RBCs live ___ days
synthesis?
A
120 days
cannot synthesize new components - no nucleus or other organelles
15
Q
What happens to ruptured blood cells?
A
Ruptured red blood cells removed from circulation & destroyed by fixed
phagocytic macrophages in spleen and liver
16
Q
**Recycling Process **of Blood cells
A
1) macrophages phagocytize ruptured RBCs (in spleen, liver or red bone marrow)
2) globin & heme portions are split
3) globin is broken down to amino acids - used to make proteins
4) Iron is removed from heme in form of FE(3+) & ends as yellow pigment **urobilin **in urine or brown pigment **stercobilin **in feces
17
Q
**White Blood Cells **
have?
lack?
A
have nuclei
lack hemoglobin
18
Q
Types of WBCs
A
1) Granular
2) Agranular
19
Q
Granular **Leukocytes **(WBCs)
- types (3)
A
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
20
Q
Agranular **Leukocytes **(WBCs)
- types (2)
A
lymphocytes
monocytes
21
Q
WBCs live for ___ days except for ___ which live?
A
a few days except **lymphocytes **which live for months or years
22
Q
Leukocytosis
A
normal protective response to invaders, strenuous
exercise, anesthesia and surgery
23
Q
Leukopenia
A
abnormally low level of WBCs
24
Q
Which **WBCs **are active phagocytes?
attracted by?
A
**Neutrophils **and **marophages **
chemotaxis
25
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_respond most quickly to tissue damage by bacteria
**Neutrophils**
- release lysozymes & strong oxidants & defensins (antibiotic activity)
26
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_take longer to arrive but arrive in larger numbers and destroy more microbes
Enlarge & differentiate into \_\_\_?
Monocytes
Macrophages
27
**Basophils **function
leave capillaries and release granules containing **heparin**,
**histamine** and **serotonin**, at sites of inflammation.
- involved in inflammatory reaction & allergies
28
**Eosinophils **function
leave capillaries and enter tissue fluid & release enzymes
phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes
effective against parasitic worms
29
**Lymphocytes**
types? (3)
major soldiers of the immune system
B cells
T cells
Natural Killer (NK) cells
30
destroy bacteria & inactivate their toxins
B Cells
31
attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells and some bacteria
T cells
32
– attack a wide variety of infectious microbes and
certain tumor cells
Natural Killer (NK) cells
33
Origin of blood cells
pluripotent stem cell
1) **myeloid** + 2) **lymphoid** stem cells
1) RBCs, platelets, granular WBCs & monocytes
2) Agranular WBCs (except monocytes)
34
**Platelets **- production
**myeloid stem cell **--\> **megakaryoblasts **--\> **megakaryocyte --\> platelets **
35
**Platelets (thrombocytes)**
shape?
function?
life span?
**fragment of megakaryocyte enclosed by piece of PM**
- disc-shaped with many vesicles but no nucleus
promote blood clotting & help stop blood loss from damaged blood vessels
5-9 days
36
**Heart**
located in?
**mediastinum - **region extending from sternum to vertebral column, 1st rib & between lungs
37
**Heart**
1) **apex **
2) **base**
3) **anterior** surface
4) **inferior** surface
5) **right** border
6) **left** border
1) tip of left ventricle
2) posterior surface
3) deep to sternum & ribs
4) b/w apex & right border
5) faces right lung
6) pulmonary border - faces left lung
38
**Pericardium**
**- (2) **main parts
Membrane surrounding and protecting the heart
## Footnote
1) **fibrous** pericardium
2) **serous** pericardium
a) parietal layer
b) visceral layer (epicardium)
39
**Layers of Heart Wall**
**Epicardium** (visceral layer of serous pericardium)
**Myocardium -** cardiac muscle
**Endocardium - **smooth lining
40
Chambers of the Heart
**2 Atria - **recieving chambers
- **auricles **on anterior surface
**2 Ventricles - **pumping chambers
41
**Sulci**
series of grooves of heart surfacce that contain coronary blood vessels & fat
marks boundary between 2 chambers of the heart
42
Coronary sulcus
marks boundary between superior **atria **& inferior **ventricles**
43
1) Anterior interventricular sulcus
2) Posterior interventricular sulcus
1) between left & right ventricle on anterior surface
2) between ventricles on posterior surface
44
**Right Atrium **
forms ___ \_\_\_
recieves blood from (3) veins
right border
1) superior vena cava
2) inferior vena cava
3) coronary sinus
45
**Interatrial septum**
- prominent feature?
between atria
fossa ovalis - oval depression
46
Blood passes through \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_valve into
right ventricle from right atrium
## Footnote
** tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)**
47
**Right Ventricle**
forms?
inside contains?
anterior surface of heart
**trabeculae carneae -** ridges formed by raised bundles of
cardiac muscle fiber
48
Tricuspid Valve is connected to __ \_\_\_ which is connected to __ \_\_\_
**chordae tendinae**
**papillary muscles **
49
Blood flow:
right atrium --\> (tricuspid valve) --\> right ventricle ---\> ____ --\> ___ \_\_\_ --\> ___ \_\_\_
from right ventricle through **pulmonary valve **into **pulmonary trunk** & then to right & left **pulmonary arteries --\> lungs**
50
**Left Atrium **
recieves blood from __ through ___ veins
passes through ___ valve into ____ \_\_\_
lungs through 4 **pulmonary veins **
**bicuspid/mitral/left atrioventricular valve **into **left ventricle**
51
**Left Ventricle**
- thickness?
forms?
blood passes from left ventricle through _ \_\_ ( __ \_\_\_ valve) into __ \_\_
**aortic valve (aortic semilunar valve) --\> ascending aorta**
some blood flows into **coronary arteries, **remainder to body
52
** Myocardial thickness **
atria vs ventricles
atria walls are thinner - deliver blood under less pressure to ventricles
53
**Distance, Pressure & Resistance** for each:
1) Right ventricle pumps blood to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
2) Left ventricle pumps blood to \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
Left ventricle works ___ to maintain same rate of blood flow as right ventriclw
1) LUNGS
**Shorter** distance, **lower** pressure, **less** resistance
2) all other parts of body
* *Longer** distance, **higher** pressure, **more** resistance
**harder**
54
Heart wall also contains **fibrous skeleton**
Dense connective tissue that forms a structural foundation, point of insertion
for muscle bundles, and electrical insulator between atria and ventricles
55
Atrioventricular valves (2)
- *located between an atrium & a ventricle*
tricuspid & bicuspid valves
56
Atria **contracts**/ ventricle **relaxed**
AV valves open, cusps project into ventricle
blood moves from **atria (higher pressure) **to **ventricles (lower pressure) **through AV valves
SL valves closed
57
Atria **relaxed**/ ventricle **contracts**
AV valves close
SL valves open
58
No valves guarding entrance to \_\_?
**right atrium **from venae cavae
** left atrium** from pulmonary veins
59
**Systemic Circuit**
left side of heart
recieves blood from **lungs** --\> **aorta** --\>
**systemic arteries --\> systemic arterioles **--\> systemic **capillaries** (gas & nutrient exchange)
--\> systemic **venule** --\> systemic **veins --\> **right atrium
60
**Pulmonary Circuit**
right side of heaert
recieves blood from **systemic circulation **
-\> **pulmonary trunk **-\> pulmonary **arteries** -\> pulmonary capill**a**ries -\> pulmonary **veins** -\> **left** atrium
61
Systemic vs. Pulmonary Circulations
## Footnote
**gas exchange in capillaries **
**Systemic - **unloads O2, picks up CO2
**Pulmonary - **unloads CO2, picks up O2
62
**CORONARY CIRCULATION**
myocardium has its own network of blood vessels
## Footnote
ascending aorta → coronary a. (*encircle heart) *→ capillaries → coronary v.
63
**Coronary arteries **that branch from ascending aorta
supply oxygenated blood to myocardium
**LEFT: **
**a) **anterior interventricular - *ventricles*
**b)** circumflex branches - *left ventricle/atrium*
**RIGHT: **
(small branches to *right atrium)*
a) posterior interventricular - *ventricles*
b) marginal - *right ventricle*
64
**Coronary Veins**
blood passes through arteries of coronary circulation → capillaries → coronary veins
drains into **coronary sinus **→ right atrium
65
(4) veins carry blood into **Coronary Sinus**
1) great cardiac vein
2) middle cardiac vein
3) small cardiac vein
4) anterior cardiac vein
66
Histology of **Cardiac** Muscle Tissue
## Footnote
\_\_ and less __ than skeletal muscle fibers
structure?
organelles?
shorter & less circular
branching *- stair-step* appearance
one central nucleus
mitochondria are larger & more numerous than in skeletal muscle
ends of fibers connected by **intercalated discs **that contain:
**desmosomes -** hold fibers together
& **gap junctions - **allow muscle action potential conduction b/w fibers
67
**Autorhythmic Fibers**
(2) functions
Specialized cardiac muscle fibers- source of electrical activity causing heart beart
- self-excitable
repeatedly generate action potentials that trigger heart contractions
1) PACEMAKER
2) CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM
68
Ausculatation
act of listening to sounds within the body
69
Sound of heartbeat comes primarily from..? caused by?
blood turbulence caused by closing of heart valves
70
4 heart sounds in each cardiac cycle
– only 2 loud enough to be heard
S1: **Lubb** – AV valves close
S2: **Dupp** – SL valves close
71
5 main types of blood vessels
arteries - (blood away from heart)
arterioles
capillaries
venules
veins
72
(3) layers in blood vessels
**Tunica interna**
**tunica media**
**tunica externa**
73
Tunica Interna
inner lining in contact with blood
endothelium continuous with endocardial lining of heart
74
Tunica Media
muscular & connective tissue layer
Smooth muscle regulates diameter of lumen
75
Tunica Externa
elastic & collagen fibers
**vaso vasorum - **vessels that supply blood to vessel wall
anchors vessels to surrounding tissue
76
Arteries - (3) layers
thick muscular/elastic **tunica media **
high **compliance **(stretch)
77
Elastic Arteries
largest
thin walls
pressure reservoir
help propel blood forward while ventricles relaxed
aka **conducting arteries **- conduct blood to medium sized arteries
78
Muscular arteries
medium sized
**Tunica media - **more smooth muscle than elastic fibers
thick walls
adjust rate of blood flow (constrict/dilate)
aka **distributing arteries **
79
Anastomis
union of branches of 2 or more arteries supplying same body region
80
**Arteries of upper limb **
which artery passes between clavicle and 1st rib
subclavian
81
Subclavin artery → ??
→ axillary →brachial →radial →ulnar
82
Which artery is used for:
a) **blood pressure**
b) **pulse**
a) brachial
b) radial
83
**Arterioles**
\_\_\_\_ has s precapillary sphincter which monitors blood flow into capillary
metarteriole (terminal end)
play key role in regulating blood flow into capillaries by regulating **resistance**
84
Capillaries
function?
smallest blood vessels
connect arterial outflow & venous return
- exchange bwtween blood & interstitial fluid
- lack tunica media & externa
85
(2) ways for blood to flow from arteriole into venule
1) capillaries
2) throughfare channel
86
3 types of capillaries
continuous
fenestrated
sinusoids
87
continuous capillaries
Endothelial cell membranes from continuous tube
- CNS, lungs, skin & muscle tissue
88
Fenestrated capillaries
Have fenestrations or pores
- kidney, villi of smalll intestine, choroid plexuses in brain ventricles, ciliary processes &endocrine glands
89
Sinusoids
Wider and more winding
Unusually large fenestrations
90
Portal vein –
blood passes from capillary network into another
91
Venules
Thinner walls than arterial counterparts
**Postcapillary** venule – smallest venule
Form part of microcirculatory exchange unit with capillaries
**Muscular** venules have thicker walls with 1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle
92
Veins
contain?
thin walls
thinner tunica **interna -**
**tunica media - **little smooth muscle
tunica **externa - **thickest layer
CONTAIN **VALVES**
93
Largest portion of blood at rest is in ?
systemic veins and venules
94
Capillary Exchange
movement of substances between blood & interstitial fluid
95
Substances enter & leave capillaries by (3) mechanisms
1) diffusion
2) transcytosis
3) bulk flow
96
Besides the heart, (2) other mechanisms pump blood from lower body to heart
1) skeletal muscle pump
2) respiratory pump
97
skeletal muscle pump
contraction → compressed vein →milking (pushes blood through proximal valve) & distal valve closes
muscle relaxation → proximal valve closes → distal valve opens → proximal valve reopens
98
Respiratory pump
based on alternating compression & decompression of veins
**Inhalation** → thoracic cavity pressure decreases → abdominal cavity pressure increases →abdominal veins compressed → blood moves to thoracic veins → right atrium
Exhalation → valves in veins prevent backflow from thoracic to abdominal veins
99
(3) types of sensory receptors that provide input to cardiovascular center
**Proprioceptors **– monitor **movements** of **joints** and **muscles** to provide input during physical activity
**Baroreceptors **– monitor **pressure** **changes** and **stretch** in blood vessel walls
**Chemoreceptors **– monitor **concentration** of various chemicals in the blood
100
