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KIN 260 > Chapter 19 - Cardiovascular System - Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 19 - Cardiovascular System - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

**Blood **

A

liquid connective tissue consisting of cells surrounded by liquid extracellular matrix **(blood plasma) **

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2
Q

(3) general functions of blood

A

transportation

regulation

protection

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3
Q

(2) components of blood

A

1) blood plasma
2) formed elements (cells & cell fragments)

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4
Q

blood plasma

A

watery liquid extracellular matrix

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5
Q

**Blood Plasma **is made up of?

A

91.5% water, 8.5% solutes (primarily proteins)

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6
Q

What synthesizes most plasma proteins?

A

Hepatocytes

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7
Q

Types of Plasma Proteins

A

Albumins (54%)

fibrinogen

antibodies

globulins (38%)

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8
Q

(3) components of formed elements of blood

A

1) red blood cells
2) white blood cells
3) platelets

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9
Q

**Red Blood Cells (erythrocytes) **

contain?

production = ?

shape?

consist of?

lack?

A

contain **hemoglobin - **oxygen-carrying protein

production **= destruction **(2 million new RBCs/second)

biconcave disk (increases surface area)

glycolipids in PM responsible for ABO & Rh blood groups

no nucleus or mitochondria

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10
Q

Hemoglobin

made of?

A

**Heme - **ring like nonprotein pigment

  • 1 in each of 4 chains

**Globin - **4 polypeptide chains

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11
Q

Hemoglobin & Iron

A

iron ion at center of heme ring can combine reversibly with one oxygen molecule

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12
Q

What can bind to hemoglobin?

A

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide & Nitric Oxide (NO)

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13
Q

release of nitric oxide from hemoglobin causes?

A

**vasodilation **- increase in blood vessel diameter

to improve blood flow & oxygen delivery

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14
Q

RBCs live ___ days

synthesis?

A

120 days

cannot synthesize new components - no nucleus or other organelles

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15
Q

What happens to ruptured blood cells?

A

Ruptured red blood cells removed from circulation & destroyed by fixed
phagocytic macrophages in spleen and liver

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16
Q

**Recycling Process **of Blood cells

A

1) macrophages phagocytize ruptured RBCs (in spleen, liver or red bone marrow)
2) globin & heme portions are split
3) globin is broken down to amino acids - used to make proteins
4) Iron is removed from heme in form of FE(3+) & ends as yellow pigment **urobilin **in urine or brown pigment **stercobilin **in feces

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17
Q

**White Blood Cells **

have?

lack?

A

have nuclei

lack hemoglobin

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18
Q

Types of WBCs

A

1) Granular

2) Agranular

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19
Q

Granular **Leukocytes **(WBCs)

  • types (3)
A

neutrophils

eosinophils

basophils

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20
Q

Agranular **Leukocytes **(WBCs)

  • types (2)
A

lymphocytes

monocytes

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21
Q

WBCs live for ___ days except for ___ which live?

A

a few days except **lymphocytes **which live for months or years

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22
Q

Leukocytosis

A

normal protective response to invaders, strenuous
exercise, anesthesia and surgery

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23
Q

Leukopenia

A

abnormally low level of WBCs

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24
Q

Which **WBCs **are active phagocytes?

attracted by?

A

**Neutrophils **and **marophages **

chemotaxis

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25
Q

______________respond most quickly to tissue damage by bacteria

A

Neutrophils

  • release lysozymes & strong oxidants & defensins (antibiotic activity)
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26
Q

______________take longer to arrive but arrive in larger numbers and destroy more microbes

Enlarge & differentiate into ___?

A

Monocytes

Macrophages

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27
Q

**Basophils **function

A

leave capillaries and release granules containing heparin,
histamine and serotonin, at sites of inflammation.

  • involved in inflammatory reaction & allergies
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28
Q

**Eosinophils **function

A

leave capillaries and enter tissue fluid & release enzymes

phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes

effective against parasitic worms

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29
Q

Lymphocytes

types? (3)

A

major soldiers of the immune system

B cells

T cells

Natural Killer (NK) cells

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30
Q

destroy bacteria & inactivate their toxins

A

B Cells

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31
Q

attack viruses, fungi, transplanted cells, cancer cells and some bacteria

A

T cells

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32
Q

– attack a wide variety of infectious microbes and
certain tumor cells

A

Natural Killer (NK) cells

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33
Q

Origin of blood cells

A

pluripotent stem cell

1) myeloid + 2) lymphoid stem cells
1) RBCs, platelets, granular WBCs & monocytes
2) Agranular WBCs (except monocytes)

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34
Q

**Platelets **- production

A

**myeloid stem cell **–> **megakaryoblasts **–> **megakaryocyte –> platelets **

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35
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes)

shape?

function?

life span?

A

fragment of megakaryocyte enclosed by piece of PM

  • disc-shaped with many vesicles but no nucleus

promote blood clotting & help stop blood loss from damaged blood vessels

5-9 days

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36
Q

Heart

located in?

A

**mediastinum - **region extending from sternum to vertebral column, 1st rib & between lungs

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37
Q

Heart

1) **apex **
2) base
3) anterior surface
4) inferior surface
5) right border
6) left border

A

1) tip of left ventricle
2) posterior surface
3) deep to sternum & ribs
4) b/w apex & right border
5) faces right lung
6) pulmonary border - faces left lung

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38
Q

Pericardium

**- (2) **main parts

A

Membrane surrounding and protecting the heart

1) fibrous pericardium
2) serous pericardium
a) parietal layer
b) visceral layer (epicardium)

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39
Q

Layers of Heart Wall

A

Epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)

Myocardium - cardiac muscle

**Endocardium - **smooth lining

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40
Q

Chambers of the Heart

A

**2 Atria - **recieving chambers

  • **auricles **on anterior surface

**2 Ventricles - **pumping chambers

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41
Q

Sulci

A

series of grooves of heart surfacce that contain coronary blood vessels & fat

marks boundary between 2 chambers of the heart

42
Q

Coronary sulcus

A

marks boundary between superior **atria **& inferior ventricles

43
Q

1) Anterior interventricular sulcus
2) Posterior interventricular sulcus

A

1) between left & right ventricle on anterior surface
2) between ventricles on posterior surface

44
Q

**Right Atrium **

forms ___ ___

recieves blood from (3) veins

A

right border

1) superior vena cava
2) inferior vena cava
3) coronary sinus

45
Q

Interatrial septum

  • prominent feature?
A

between atria

fossa ovalis - oval depression

46
Q

Blood passes through ______________valve into
right ventricle from right atrium

A

** tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve)**

47
Q

Right Ventricle

forms?

inside contains?

A

anterior surface of heart

trabeculae carneae - ridges formed by raised bundles of
cardiac muscle fiber

48
Q

Tricuspid Valve is connected to __ ___ which is connected to __ ___

A

chordae tendinae

**papillary muscles **

49
Q

Blood flow:

right atrium –> (tricuspid valve) –> right ventricle —> ____ –> ___ ___ –> ___ ___

A

from right ventricle through **pulmonary valve **into pulmonary trunk & then to right & left pulmonary arteries –> lungs

50
Q

**Left Atrium **

recieves blood from __ through ___ veins

passes through ___ valve into ____ ___

A

lungs through 4 **pulmonary veins **

**bicuspid/mitral/left atrioventricular valve **into left ventricle

51
Q

Left Ventricle

  • thickness?

forms?

blood passes from left ventricle through _ __ ( __ ___ valve) into __ __

A

aortic valve (aortic semilunar valve) –> ascending aorta

some blood flows into **coronary arteries, **remainder to body

52
Q

** Myocardial thickness **

atria vs ventricles

A

atria walls are thinner - deliver blood under less pressure to ventricles

53
Q

Distance, Pressure & Resistance for each:

1) Right ventricle pumps blood to ______________
2) Left ventricle pumps blood to ______________

Left ventricle works ___ to maintain same rate of blood flow as right ventriclw

A

1) LUNGS

Shorter distance, lower pressure, less resistance

2) all other parts of body
* *Longer** distance, higher pressure, more resistance

harder

54
Q

Heart wall also contains fibrous skeleton

A

Dense connective tissue that forms a structural foundation, point of insertion
for muscle bundles, and electrical insulator between atria and ventricles

55
Q

Atrioventricular valves (2)

A
  • located between an atrium & a ventricle

tricuspid & bicuspid valves

56
Q

Atria contracts/ ventricle relaxed

A

AV valves open, cusps project into ventricle

blood moves from **atria (higher pressure) **to **ventricles (lower pressure) **through AV valves

SL valves closed

57
Q

Atria relaxed/ ventricle contracts

A

AV valves close

SL valves open

58
Q

No valves guarding entrance to __?

A

**right atrium **from venae cavae

** left atrium** from pulmonary veins

59
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

left side of heart

recieves blood from lungs –> aorta –>

**systemic arteries –> systemic arterioles **–> systemic capillaries (gas & nutrient exchange)

–> systemic venule –> systemic **veins –> **right atrium

60
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

right side of heaert

recieves blood from **systemic circulation **

-> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary **arteries -> pulmonary capilla**ries -> pulmonary veins -> left atrium

61
Q

Systemic vs. Pulmonary Circulations

**gas exchange in capillaries **

A

**Systemic - **unloads O2, picks up CO2

**Pulmonary - **unloads CO2, picks up O2

62
Q

CORONARY CIRCULATION

A

myocardium has its own network of blood vessels

ascending aorta → coronary a. (*encircle heart) *→ capillaries → coronary v.

63
Q

**Coronary arteries **that branch from ascending aorta

A

supply oxygenated blood to myocardium

**LEFT: **

**a) **anterior interventricular - ventricles

b) circumflex branches - left ventricle/atrium

**RIGHT: **

(small branches to right atrium)

a) posterior interventricular - ventricles
b) marginal - right ventricle

64
Q

Coronary Veins

A

blood passes through arteries of coronary circulation → capillaries → coronary veins

drains into **coronary sinus **→ right atrium

65
Q

(4) veins carry blood into Coronary Sinus

A

1) great cardiac vein
2) middle cardiac vein
3) small cardiac vein
4) anterior cardiac vein

66
Q

Histology of Cardiac Muscle Tissue

__ and less __ than skeletal muscle fibers

structure?

organelles?

A

shorter & less circular

branching - stair-step appearance

one central nucleus

mitochondria are larger & more numerous than in skeletal muscle

ends of fibers connected by **intercalated discs **that contain:

desmosomes - hold fibers together

& **gap junctions - **allow muscle action potential conduction b/w fibers

67
Q

Autorhythmic Fibers

(2) functions

A

Specialized cardiac muscle fibers- source of electrical activity causing heart beart

  • self-excitable

repeatedly generate action potentials that trigger heart contractions

1) PACEMAKER
2) CARDIAC CONDUCTION SYSTEM

68
Q

Ausculatation

A

act of listening to sounds within the body

69
Q

Sound of heartbeat comes primarily from..? caused by?

A

blood turbulence caused by closing of heart valves

70
Q

4 heart sounds in each cardiac cycle

– only 2 loud enough to be heard

A

S1: Lubb – AV valves close
S2: Dupp – SL valves close

71
Q

5 main types of blood vessels

A

arteries - (blood away from heart)

arterioles

capillaries

venules

veins

72
Q

(3) layers in blood vessels

A

Tunica interna

tunica media

tunica externa

73
Q

Tunica Interna

A

inner lining in contact with blood

endothelium continuous with endocardial lining of heart

74
Q

Tunica Media

A

muscular & connective tissue layer

Smooth muscle regulates diameter of lumen

75
Q

Tunica Externa

A

elastic & collagen fibers

**vaso vasorum - **vessels that supply blood to vessel wall

anchors vessels to surrounding tissue

76
Q

Arteries - (3) layers

A

thick muscular/elastic **tunica media **

high **compliance **(stretch)

77
Q

Elastic Arteries

A

largest

thin walls

pressure reservoir

help propel blood forward while ventricles relaxed

aka **conducting arteries **- conduct blood to medium sized arteries

78
Q

Muscular arteries

A

medium sized

**Tunica media - **more smooth muscle than elastic fibers

thick walls

adjust rate of blood flow (constrict/dilate)

aka **distributing arteries **

79
Q

Anastomis

A

union of branches of 2 or more arteries supplying same body region

80
Q

**Arteries of upper limb **

which artery passes between clavicle and 1st rib

A

subclavian

81
Q

Subclavin artery → ??

A

→ axillary →brachial →radial →ulnar

82
Q

Which artery is used for:

a) blood pressure
b) pulse

A

a) brachial
b) radial

83
Q

Arterioles

____ has s precapillary sphincter which monitors blood flow into capillary

A

metarteriole (terminal end)

play key role in regulating blood flow into capillaries by regulating resistance

84
Q

Capillaries

function?

A

smallest blood vessels

connect arterial outflow & venous return

  • exchange bwtween blood & interstitial fluid
  • lack tunica media & externa
85
Q

(2) ways for blood to flow from arteriole into venule

A

1) capillaries
2) throughfare channel

86
Q

3 types of capillaries

A

continuous

fenestrated

sinusoids

87
Q

continuous capillaries

A

Endothelial cell membranes from continuous tube

  • CNS, lungs, skin & muscle tissue
88
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

Have fenestrations or pores

  • kidney, villi of smalll intestine, choroid plexuses in brain ventricles, ciliary processes &endocrine glands
89
Q

Sinusoids

A

Wider and more winding
Unusually large fenestrations

90
Q

Portal vein –

A

blood passes from capillary network into another

91
Q

Venules

A

Thinner walls than arterial counterparts
Postcapillary venule – smallest venule
Form part of microcirculatory exchange unit with capillaries
Muscular venules have thicker walls with 1 or 2 layers of smooth muscle

92
Q

Veins

contain?

A

thin walls
thinner tunica interna -

**tunica media - **little smooth muscle

tunica **externa - **thickest layer

CONTAIN VALVES

93
Q

Largest portion of blood at rest is in ?

A

systemic veins and venules

94
Q

Capillary Exchange

A

movement of substances between blood & interstitial fluid

95
Q

Substances enter & leave capillaries by (3) mechanisms

A

1) diffusion
2) transcytosis
3) bulk flow

96
Q

Besides the heart, (2) other mechanisms pump blood from lower body to heart

A

1) skeletal muscle pump
2) respiratory pump

97
Q

skeletal muscle pump

A

contraction → compressed vein →milking (pushes blood through proximal valve) & distal valve closes

muscle relaxation → proximal valve closes → distal valve opens → proximal valve reopens

98
Q

Respiratory pump

A

based on alternating compression & decompression of veins

Inhalation → thoracic cavity pressure decreases → abdominal cavity pressure increases →abdominal veins compressed → blood moves to thoracic veins → right atrium

Exhalation → valves in veins prevent backflow from thoracic to abdominal veins

99
Q

(3) types of sensory receptors that provide input to cardiovascular center

A

**Proprioceptors **– monitor movements of joints and muscles to provide input during physical activity

**Baroreceptors **– monitor pressure changes and stretch in blood vessel walls

**Chemoreceptors **– monitor concentration of various chemicals in the blood

100
Q
A

KIN 260 (20 decks)

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