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KIN 260 > Chapter 1 - Intro > Flashcards

Chapter 1 - Intro Flashcards

1
Q

Two branches of science that deal with body’s parts and function

A

Anatomy & Physiology

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2
Q

Anatomy

A

The science of body structures and relationships

  • First studies by dissection (cutting apart)
  • Imaging techniques
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3
Q

Physiology

A

The science of **body functions **

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4
Q

Basic Life Processes (6)

A

1) metabolism
2) responsiveness
3) movement
4) growth
5) differentiation
6) reproduction

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5
Q

Descriptions of the human body assume a specific stance - **Anatomical position **(6)

A

body upright

standing erect facing observer

head & eyes facing forward

feet are flat on the floor & forward

upper limbs to sides

palms turned forward

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6
Q

Terms for a reclining body (2)

A

1) prone
2) supine

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7
Q

**Prone **position

A

body is lying face down

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8
Q

**Supine **position

A

body is lying face up

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9
Q

**Directional Terms **

describe the?

A

position of one body part **relative to another **

group in pairs with opposite meaning

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10
Q

Directional Terms for front & back

A

**anterior **(front) view

**posterior **(back) view

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11
Q

___________ Nearer to the front of the body

A

anterior

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12
Q

___________Nearer to the back of the body

A

posterior

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13
Q

___________Toward the head

A

superior

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14
Q

___________Away from the head

A

inferior

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15
Q

___________Nearer to the attachment of a limb to the trunk

A

proximal

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16
Q

___________Farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk

A

distal

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17
Q

___________Farther from the midline

A

lateral

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18
Q

___________Nearer to the midline

A

medial

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19
Q

____ between 2 structures

A

intermediate

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20
Q

__________ same side as another structure

A

ipsilateral

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21
Q

__________ opposite side as another structure

A

contralateral

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22
Q

__________ toward or on surface of body

A

superficial (external)

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23
Q

________away from surface of body

A

deep (internal)

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24
Q

Most Principal Regions (5)

A

Head

Neck

Trunk

Upper Limbs

Lower Limbs

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25
Q

Head Region

A

skull & face

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26
Q

Neck Region

A

Supports the head and attaches to trunk

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27
Q

Trunk Region

A

chest, abdomen, pelvis

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28
Q

Upper Limb Region

A

attaches to trunk (shoulder, armpit & arm)

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29
Q

Lower Limb Region

A

attaches to trunk (buttock, thigh, leg, ankle & foot)

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30
Q

Planes

A

imaginary flat surfaces that pass through the body parts

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31
Q
A
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32
Q

Sagittal plane

A

a vertical plane that divides the body into right & left sides

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33
Q

Midsagittal plane

A

divides body into equal right and left sides

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34
Q

Parasagittal plane

A

divides body into unequal right and left sides

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35
Q

**Frontal **or **Coronal **plane

A

Divides the body or an organ into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

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36
Q

**Transverse **plane

A

Divides the body or an organ into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) portions

Also called cross-sectional or horizontal plane

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37
Q

**Oblique **plane

A

Passes through the body or an organ at an angle Between transverse and sagittal plane
Between transverse and frontal plane

38
Q

Sections

A

cut of the body made along a plane

39
Q

Body Cavities

A

Spaces within the body that help protect, separate, and support internal organs

40
Q

(3) Body Cavities

A

1) Cranial cavity

2) Thoracic cavity
3) Abdominopelvic cavity

41
Q

**Cranial Cavity **is continuous with the?

Both are lined by the?

A

**vertebral canal **

**Meninges **

42
Q

**Cranial **cavity

  • formed by?
A
  • formed by the cranial bones
  • protects the brain
43
Q

**Vertebral **Canal

  • formed by?
  • contains?
A

bones of vertebral column - backbone

contains the spinal cord

44
Q

Meninges

A

3 layers of **protective tissue **that line the **cranial cavity **& **vertebral canal **

45
Q

Thoracic Cavity

aka?

formed by?

A

**chest **cavity

ribs

muscles of chest

sternum (breastbone)

vertebral column (thoracic portion)

46
Q

Within the **thoracic **cavity….(4)

A

1) **pericardial **cavity
2) **pleural **cavity
3) **mediastinum **
4) **diaphragm **

47
Q

**Pericardial **cavity

A

fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart

48
Q

**Pleural **cavity

A

Two fluid-filled spaces that that surround each lung

49
Q

Mediastinum

A
  • Central part of the thoracic cavity
  • Between lungs
  • Extending from the sternum to the **vertebral column **
  • First rib to the diaphragm
50
Q

**Diaphragm **

A

dome shaped muscle

separates thoracic cavity from abdominopelvic cavity

51
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

extends from?

encircled by?

divided into?

A

extends from diaphragm to groin

encircled by abdominal wall + bones & muscle of pelvis

divided into **abdominal **& **pelvic **cavity

52
Q

**Abdominal **cavity

A

Stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines

53
Q

**Pelvic **cavity

A

Urinary bladder, internal organs of reproductive system, and portions of the large intestine

54
Q

Which of the 2 portions of the **Abdominopelvic **cavity is the

a) **superior **portion
b) **inferior **portion

A

a) Abdominal
b) Pelvic

55
Q

Viscera

A

Organs of the thoracic and abdominal pelvic cavities

56
Q

**Serous **membrane

A

a thin slippery membrane that covers the
viscera

57
Q

Parts of the **serous membrane **(2)

A

1) **Parietal **layer
2) **Visceral **layer

58
Q

Thoracic & **Abdominal Cavity Membranes (3) **

A

1) Pleura
2) Pericardium
3) Peritoneum

59
Q

Pleura

A

serous membrane of the **pleural cavities **

60
Q

Pericardium

A

serous membrane of the pericardial cavity

61
Q

Peritoneum

A

serous membrane of the **abdominal **cavity

62
Q

(2) types of **Pleura **

A

1) **Visceral **pleura
2) **Parietal **pleura

63
Q

1) Visceral pleura
2) **Parietal **pleura

A

1) clings to surface of lungs
2) lines the chest wall

64
Q

(2) types of Pericardium

A

1) Visceral pericardium
2) Parietal pericardium

65
Q

1) Visceral pericardium
2) Parietal pericardium

A

1) covers heart
2) lines chest wall

66
Q

(2) types of Peritoneum

A

1) **Visceral **peritoneum
2) **Parietal **peritoneum

67
Q

1) **Visceral **peritoneum
2) Parietal peritoneum

A

1) covers **abdominal cavity **(viscera)
2) lines the **abdominal wall **

68
Q

**Retroperitoneal **

A

between parietal peritoneum & posterior abdominal wall

69
Q

**Other **Cavities

A

1) **oral **cavity
2) **nasal **cavity
3) orbital cavities
4) middle ear cavities
5) synovial cavities

70
Q

**Oral **cavity

A

mouth

tongue & teeth

71
Q

**Nasal **cavity

72
Q

**Orbital **cavities

A

(orbits)

eyeball

73
Q

**Middle Ear **cavities

A

small bones of the middle ear

74
Q

Tic-Tac-Toe Region

A

Abdominopelvic Regions

*Used to describe the location of abdominal and pelvic organs *

2 horizontal & 2 vertical lines partition the cavity

75
Q

Tic-Tac-Toe Grid

2 horizontal & 2 vertical lines partition cavity

(3) lines

A

1) **subcostal line ** - top horizontal
2) **transtubercular **line - bottom horizontal
3) **midclavicular **line - 2 vertical lines

76
Q

1) subcostal line - top horizontal
2) **transtubercular **line - bottom horizontal
3) **midclavicular **line - 2 vertical lines

A

1) inferior to rib cage
2) inferior to top of hip bone
3) midpoints to clavicles & medial to nipples

77
Q

(9) abdominopelvic regions

A

right hypochondriac epigastric left hypochondriac

right lumbar umbilical left lumbar

right inguinal (iliac) hypogastric (pubic) left inguinal (iliac)

78
Q

(2) methods of dividing abdominal cavity into smaller areas

A

1) Tic-Tac-Toe Grid
2) Quadrants

79
Q

2nd method - Quadrants

(2) lines

A

midsagittal line + tranverse line

80
Q

*method 2: *Quadrant method

A

vertical & horizontal lines pass through umbilicus (belly-button)

Right upper Left upper

Right lower Left lower

81
Q

Medical Imaging

A

Techniques & procedures used to create images of the human body

Allow visualization of structures inside the body 
Diagnosis of anatomical and physiological disorders 
Conventional radiography (X-rays) have been in use since the late 1940’s
82
Q

Radiography

A

produce image of interior structures
• Inexpensive & **quick **
• Hollow structures appear black or **gray **
• Do not pass easily through dense structure (bone)
- At low dose, useful for soft tissue (breast)

  • Mammography (breast)
  • Bone densitometry (bone density)
83
Q

**Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) **

A

• High energy magnetic field
- Protons in body fluid align with field
• Color image on a video monitor
- 2D and 3D blueprint
• Relatively safe procedure
- Not used on patients containing metal **
• Used for differentiating normal** and abnormal tissues
- Tumors, brain abnormalities, blood flow

84
Q

**Computed Tomography **

A

Computer-Assisted radiography (CT-Scan)

3-D structures

  • Visualize soft tissue in more detail than conventional radiography
  • Tissue intensities show varying degrees of gray
  • Whole-body CT scan
        - Lung & kidney cancers, coronary artery disease
85
Q

Ultrasound Scanning

A

**• High frequency sound waves **

 - Sonogram
 - Noninvasive, painless, no dyes 
 - Pregnancy (fetus)
86
Q

Radionuclide Scanning

A

Radioactive substance (radionuclide) given intravenously

Gamma rays detected by camera

Radionuclide image displays on video monitor

Color intensity represents uptake

Single-photo-emission computerized tomography (SPECT)

Specialized technique used for brain, heart, lungs, and liver

87
Q

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

A

• Positron (positively charged particles) emitting substance injected into the body
- Collision between positrons and negatively charged electron in body tissues

  • ** Gamma rays produced**
  • Computer constructed a PET scan image in color
  • **Used to study physiology of body structures (metabolism) **
88
Q

**Endoscopy **

(3) types

A

1) colonoscopy
2) laparoscopy
3) arthroscopy

89
Q

Endoscopy

uses?

A

**Endoscope - **lighted instrument with lens

image projected onto a monitor

KIN 260 (20 decks)

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