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KIN 260 > Chapter 8 - Appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

Chapter 8 - Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

Appendicular Skeleton

The primary function is ?

A

movement

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2
Q

**Appendicular Skeleton **includes?

A

bones of the upper and lower limbs

girdles attach the limbs to the axial skeleton

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3
Q

Each upper limb has __ bones

A

30

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4
Q

(2) seperate regions of upper limb

A

1) pectoral (shoulder) girdle (2 bones)
2) free part (30 bones)

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5
Q

**Pectoral (shoulder) Girdle **consists of 2 bones

A

1) scapula
2) clavicle

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6
Q

(30) bones of the the part of the upper limbs

A

1 **humerus **(arm)

1 **radius **(forearm)

1 **ulna **(forearm)

8 **carpals **(wrist)

19 ( 5 **metacarpals **& 14 **phalanges) **(hand)

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7
Q

**Clavicle **

ends & joints

A

S shaped

medial end articulates with manubrium of sternum forming sternoclavicular joint

lateral end articulates with acromion forming acromioclavicular joint

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8
Q

The clavicle is :

______________in shape anteriorly near the sternal junction

______________anteriorly on its lateral edge near the acromion

A

convex

concave

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9
Q

Scapula (shoulder blade)

shape

most notable features

A

triangular

spine, acromion, coracoid process & glenoid cavity

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10
Q

Scapula

  • **spine **
A

a large process on the posterior of the scapula that ends laterally as the acromion

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11
Q

acromion of scapula

A

the flattened lateral portion of the spine of the scapula

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12
Q

**coracoid process **of scapula

A

a protruding projection on the anterior surface just inferior to the lateral aspect of the clavicle

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13
Q

**Glenoid Cavity **of scapula

A

shallow concavity that articulates with the head of the humeru

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14
Q

**Medial (vertebral) border **of scapula

A

closest to the vertebral spine

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15
Q

**Superior border **of scapula

A

superior edge

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16
Q

**Lateral (axillary) border **of scapula

A

closest to arm

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17
Q

**Inferior angle **of scapula

A

where medial and lateral borders meet inferiorly

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18
Q

**Superior angle **of scapulaa

A

uppermost aspect of scapula where medial border meets superior border

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19
Q

**Subscapular fossa **of scapula

A

anterior concavity where the subscapularis muscle attaches

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20
Q

**Supraspinous fossa **of scapula

A

posterior concavity superior to the scapular spine, attachment site for supraspinatus muscle

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21
Q

**Infraspinous fossa **of scapula

A
  • posterior concavity inferior to the scapular spine, site of infraspinatus muscle
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22
Q

Humerus

A
  • longest & largest bone of free part of upper limb
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23
Q

Humerus - articulation with shoulder blade

A

proximal ball-shaped end of humerus articulates with glenoid cavity of the scapula (**glenohumeral joint) **

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24
Q

Humerus - articulations

A

proximal ball end with glenoid cavity of scapula

distal end at elbow with radius & ulna

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25
Q

The head of the humerus has (2) unequal-sized projections

A

**greater tubercle - **lies more laterally

**lesser tubercle **- lies more anteriorly

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26
Q

Between the tubercles lies the ______________ where the long head of the biceps brachii tendon is located

A

**intertubercular **groove or sulcus (bicipital groove)

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27
Q

Just distal to the head is the ___ ___ which is where the __ ___ begins and is a common area for fracture

A

surgical neck

tubular shaft

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28
Q

About mid-shaft on the lateral aspect is a roughened area, the ___ ___ where the deltoid tendon attaches

A

deltoid tuberosity

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29
Q

a round knob-like process on the lateral distal humerus

A

capitulum

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30
Q
  • medial to the capitulum, is a spool-shaped projection on the distal humerus
A

trochlea

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31
Q

anterior depression that receives the coronoid process of the ulna during forearm flexion

A

coronoid fossa

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32
Q

posterior depression that receives the olecranon of the ulna during forearm extension

A

olecranon fossa

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33
Q

medial & lateral epicondyles

A

bony projections to which the forearm muscles attach

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34
Q

The longer of the two forearm bones

A

Ulna

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35
Q

**Ulna **

location?

A

medial to the radius

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36
Q

e large, prominent proximal end, the “tip of your elbow”

A

olecranon

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37
Q

the anterior “lip” of the proximal ulna

A

coronoid process

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38
Q
  • the deep fossa that receives the trochlea of the humerus during elbow flexion 
A

trochlear notch

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39
Q

the thin cylindrical projection on the posterior side of the ulna’s head

A

styloid process

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40
Q

Lies lateral to the ulna (thumb side of the forearm)

A

Radius

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41
Q

**Radius **

Location of Neck & Head

articulations?

A

head (disc-shaped) and neck are at **proximal end **

head articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of the ulna

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42
Q
  • medial and inferior to neck, attachment site for biceps brachii muscle
A

radial tuberosity

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43
Q

large distal projection on lateral side of radius

A

styloid process

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44
Q

The shaft of the **ulna & radius **are connected by ?

A

an interosseus membrane

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45
Q

Joints between ulna & radius

A

proximal radioulnar joint and a distal radioulnar joint

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46
Q

proximal radioulnar joint

distal radioulnar joint

A

Proximally, head of radius articulates with radial notch of ulna

Distally, head of ulna articulates with ulnar notch of radius

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47
Q

Carpus (wrist)

consists of?

A

8 small bones (carpals) in 2 rows

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48
Q

(2) rows of carpal bones

A

Proximal row - scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform

Distal row - trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

(lateral to medial)

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49
Q

most commonly fractured carpal bone

A

scaphoid

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50
Q

Carpal tunnel

A

space between carpal bones & flexor retinaculum

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51
Q

**Metacarpals **

how many? how are they numbered?

A

5 metacarpals

numbered I-V, lateral to medial

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52
Q

**Phalanges **of the hand

how many?

A

14 phalanges

2 in the thumb (pollex), 3 in each of the other fingers

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53
Q

each **metacarpal **& **phalanx **has a ..(3) ?

A

base, shaft & head

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54
Q

Joints of the Hand

A

**carpometacarpal **- distal row of carpals & metacarpal base

**metacarpophalangeal **- metacarpal head & proximal phalanges

**interphalangeal **- between phalanges

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55
Q

**Skeleton of the Lower Limb **

(2) seperate regions

A

1) pelvic girdle (2 bones)
2) free part (30 bones)

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56
Q

**Pelvic (Hip) Girdle **

consists of?

A

3 bones that fuse together:

superior ilium

inferior & anterior **pubis **

inferior & posterior ischium

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57
Q

the 2 coxal bones are joined ___ by the ___ (___)

and ___ by the ___ forming the ____ joints

A

**anteriorly **by the pubic symphysis (fibrocartilage)

**posteriorly **by the **sacrum **forming the **sacroiliac **joints

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58
Q

The complete ring composed of the __ __, __ ___, and ___ forms a deep, basinlike structure called the bony pelvis

A

**hip bones, pubic symphysis **and **sacrum **

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59
Q

Largest of the 3 hip bones

A

Ilium

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60
Q

The **Ilium **is the ___ part of the hip bone

consists of? (2) which forms?

A

**superior part **of hip bone

consists of **superior ala **& **inferior body **which forms **acetabulum **(socket for head of femur)

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61
Q

**Superior border **of Ilium

ends?

A

**iliac crest **ends anteriorly in a blunt anterior superior iliac spine

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62
Q

Hip Pointer

A

bruising of the **anterior superior iliac spine **& associated soft tissues

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63
Q

**Greater Sciatic Notch **of Ilium

A

allows passage of sciatic nerve

64
Q

Inferior and **posterior **part of hip bone

A

Ischium

65
Q

Most prominent feature of the Ischium

A

**Ischial tuberosity, **the part that meets the chair when you are sitting

66
Q

Inferior and anterior part of the hip bone

A

Pubis

67
Q

what (3) things make up the p**ubis **of hip bone

A

superior rami, inferior rami and **body **

68
Q

anterior, superior border of body of pubis

A

pubic crest

69
Q

Projection at lateral end of pubic crest

A

pubic tubercle

70
Q

The pubic tubercle is the beginning of?

A

a raised line, the pectineal line

71
Q

The pectineal line extends ___ and ___ along ___ ___ to merge with __ __ of ___.

A

extends superiorly and laterally along** superior ramus** to merge with arcuate line of ilium.

72
Q

What are important landmarks for distinguishing the superior (false) and inferior (true) portions of the bony pelvis.

A

the **pectineal line **and the arcuate line

73
Q

**Ischium **is comprised of? (2)

A

superior **body **and an inferior **ramus **(portion of ischium that fuses with pubis)

74
Q

Where is & what forms the pubic arch?

A

Inferior to the **pubic symphysis **(joint between 2 pubes of hip bones), the **inferior rami **of the 2 pubic bones converge to form the **pubic arch **

75
Q

acetabulum

A

deep fossa formed by the ilium, ischium, and **pubis **that functions as a socket and accepts rounded head of femur

76
Q

What forms the hip (coxal) joint

A

the acetabulum and the femoral **head **

77
Q

** acetabular notch**

A

deep indentation on inferior side of acetabulum that forms a foramen through which blood vessels & nerves pass & serves as point of attachment for ligaments of the femur

78
Q

Head of Ulna vs. Head of Radius

A

**Ulna: **head = distal end

**Radius: **head (& neck) = proximal end

79
Q

**Pelvic Brim (Inlet) **

significance?

A

a line from sacral promontory to upper part of **pubic symphysis **

boundary that divides bony pelvis into superior & inferior portions

80
Q

**Pelvic Brim **can be traced by following landmarks around parts of the hip bone to form the outline of an oblique plane.

Explain.

A

Begin posteriorly at **sacral promontory **of sacrum

trace laterally and inferiorly along **arcuate lines **of ilium.

Continue inferiorly along pectineal **lines **of pubis.

Finally, trace anteriorly along **pubic crest **to the superior portion of pubic symphysis.

81
Q

**False **Pelvis

bordered by?

A

false (greater) pelvis

superior to pelvic brim

bordered by **lumbar vertebrae **(posteriorly), upper portion of hip bones (laterally) & abdominal wall (anteriorly)

82
Q

The False (greater) Pelvis contains?

A

no pelvic organs except urinary bladder (when full) and uterus during pregnancy

83
Q

True (lesser) Pelvis

A

the bony pelvis inferior to pelvic brim

  • has an inlet, an outlet and a cavity
84
Q

**True (lesser) Pelvis **is bounded by?

A

sacrum & coccyx (posteriorly)

inferior portions of ilium & ischium (laterally)

pubic bones (anteriorly)

85
Q

Pelvic Axis

A

an imaginary line that curves through true pelvis from central point of plane of pelvic inlet to **central point of plane of pelvic outlet. **

the route taken during childbirth by the baby’s head as it descends through the pelvis.

86
Q

Pelves

**Male **vs. Female

1) general structure
2) false (greater) pelvis
3) pelvic brim (inlet)
4) pubic arch
5) pubic outlet

A

Males

1) ** **bones are larger & heavier
2) deep
3) narrow & heart-shaped
4) less than 90°
5) narrower

Females

1) light & thin
2) shallow
3) wide & more oval
4) greater than 90°
5) wider

(more space in true pelvis)

87
Q

longest, heaviest, and strongest bone in the body

A

Femur

88
Q

**Lower Limbs **

**30 **bones in (4) locations

A

1) **femur **in thigh
2) **patella **(kneecap)
3) tibia & fibula
4) 7 tarsals in tarsus, 5 metatarsals in metatarsus, 14 phalanges in foot

89
Q

Proximally, the head articulates with ______________of the hip bone forming the **hip (coxal) joint **

A

acetabulum

90
Q

distal to head of femur, common site of fracture

A

neck

91
Q

Distally, the __ and ___ ____ articulate with the ___ of the __ forming the **knee joint **

A

medial and **lateral condyles **of the femur

**medial **and **lateral **condyles **of the tibia

92
Q

The **distal end **of the **femur **articulates with (2)

A

tibia & patella

93
Q

Projections from the junction of the neck and **shaft **of the femur where large muscles attach

A

**Greater **and lesser trochanter

94
Q

Between the anterior surfaces of the trochanters is a narrow? .

A

intertrochanteric line

95
Q

** Intertrochanteric crest **of the femur

A

A ridge between posterior surfaces of the trochanters

96
Q

** Gluteal tuberosity **

A

vertical ridge inferior to intertrochanteric crest on posterior surface of body of femur

97
Q

**Gluteal Tuberosity **is a vertical ridge inferior to intertrochanteric crest on posterior surface of body of femur that blends into..

A

another vertical ridge called the **linea aspera **

98
Q

Gluteal tuberosity and linea aspera -

both are?

A

attachment sites for the large hip muscle

99
Q

Intercondylar fossa of femur

A

depression between the condyles on posterior surface

100
Q

muscle site attachments for the knee muscles

A

medial & lateral epidcondyles

101
Q

Patella

Largest ______________bone in the body

forms the ____ joint

A

sesamoid

tibiofemoral (knee) joint

102
Q

**Patella **

a) superior surface
b) inferior, narrower surface

A

a) base
b) apex

103
Q

What lines the posterior surface of the patella?

A

Thick articular cartilage

104
Q

The thick articular cartilage lines that the posterior surface increases?

A

leverage of quadriceps femoris muscle

105
Q

** Patellofemoral stress syndrome** - “runner’s knee”

A

Rather than normal tracking (gliding) of patella supeiorly & inferiorly in groove between femoral condyles, the patella tracks laterally as well as superiorly and inferiorly

this increased pressure on joint causing aching or tenderness around or under patella

106
Q

The larger, medial weight-bearing bone of the leg

A

Tibia

107
Q

Shin bone

A

Tibia

108
Q

What attaches the patella to the tibial tuberosity?

A

patellar ligament

109
Q

patellofemoral joint

A

between posterior surface of patella & patellar surface of femur

110
Q

The **Patellofemoral **Joint is the intermediate component of the ?

A

tibiofemoral (knee) joint

111
Q

What part of the tibia articulates with the femur

A

lateral & medial condyles at proximal end

112
Q

What part of the tibia articulates with the talus & fibula

A

distally, **medial malleolus **articulates with **talus **of ankle

fibular notch articulates with distal end of fibula to form **distal **tibiofibular joint

113
Q

attachment site for the patellar ligament

A

tibial tuberosity of tibia

114
Q

Medial malleolus of tibia

A

medial surface of distal end of tibia (medial surface of ankle joint)

115
Q

smaller, laterally placed bone of the leg

non-weight bearing

A

Fibula

116
Q

What forms the proximal tibiofibular joint

A

head of fibula (proximal end) & inferior surface of **lateral condyle **of tibia

117
Q

What forms the distal tibiofibular joint

A

fibular notch of **tibia **& medial part of distal end of **fibula **

118
Q

Lateral malleolus

A
  • distal end of fibula

articulates with tibia and the talus at the ankle

119
Q

7 tarsal bones

A

talus

calcaneus

navicular

cuboid

3 cuneiform bones (third/lateral, second/intermediate, first/medial)

120
Q

Tarsals located in posterior part of foot

A

**talus **and **calcaneus **

121
Q

most superior tarsal bone

articulates with?

A

Talus

articulates with the **fibula **and tibia

122
Q

heel bone, largest & strongest

A

**calcaneus **

in posterior part of foot

123
Q

Anterior tarsal bones (5)

A

navicular

third (lateral, second (intermediate), first (medial) cuneiform bones

cuboid

124
Q

How many metatarsals?

How are they numbered?

each consists of?

A

5 metatarsals

I-V (medial to lateral)

base, shaft, head

125
Q

1) Big toe
2) Ankle

A

1) Hallux
2) tarsus

126
Q

Articulation between **talus **and **tibia **and fibula

A

on one side with **medial malleolus **of **tibia **

on the other side with **lateral malleolus **of fibula

127
Q

The **talus **articulates on one side with **medial malleolus of tibia and on the other side with lateral malleolus of fibula **forming the?

A

**talocrural (ankle) **joint

128
Q

**Arches of the Foot **

function?

A

support weight of body (the arches flex when body weight applied)

provide spring & leverage to foot when walking

129
Q

(2) arches of the foot

A

1) longitudinal arch
1) transverse arch

130
Q

(2) Parts of the Longitudinal Arch

A

1) medial part
2) lateral part

131
Q

Flatfoot

A

arches decrease or “fall”

132
Q

Clawfoot

A

too much arch due to various pathologies

133
Q

Does the hyoid bone belong to the appendicular skeleton, axial skeleton, the upper extremity or the skull ?

A

axial skeleton

134
Q

Does the clavicle belong to the axial skeleton, the pectoral girdle, the pelvic girdle or the upper extremity?

A

pectoral girdle

135
Q

Long ends of the bone are called?

A

epiphysis

136
Q

The patella is part of the ___ skeleton

A

appendicular

137
Q

What is an osteon?

A

a component of compact bone arranged in repeating structural units

also known as Haversian Systems

(building block of compact bone)

138
Q

Define trabeculae

A

lamellae arranged in lattice of thin columns in spongy bone

(lamellae = concentric rings of calcified matrix)

139
Q

What part of the rib articulates with the transverse process of a vertebra?

A

nonarticular part of tubercle

140
Q

the most inferior portion of the sternum

A

xiphoid process

141
Q

the difference between the sacral foramina and the sacral canal?

A

sacral foramina - openings on concave anterior & convex posterior side of sacrum

**sacral canal **- perpendicular to sacral foramina & is continuation of vertebral canal

142
Q

second cervical vertebra

A

axis

143
Q

A rib that attaches to the sternum by the cartilage of another rib has what name?

A

vertebrochondral ribs

144
Q

What structures make up the vertebral arch?

A

2 pedicles unite with flat laminae

145
Q

Which bone are the eyebrows superficial to?

A

frontal bone

146
Q

What bone is found just posterior to the ethmoid bone in the orbit?

A

sphenoid bone

147
Q

The sella turcica is found in what bone?

A

sphenoid bone

148
Q

What are the two bony structures that make up the nasal septum?

A

**vomer **and ethmoid bone

149
Q

The humerus fits into what specific part of the scapula?

A

glenoid cavity

150
Q

What are the name of the condyles of the humerus?

A

lateral and medial epicondyles

**trochlea **and capitulum

151
Q

What is the cuplike depression of the os coax into which the head of the femur fits?

A

acetabulum of hip bone

152
Q

The carpal bone at the base of the thumb

A

trapezium

153
Q

another name for the heel bone

A

calcaneus

154
Q

How many bones are in the ankle vs. the number of bones in the wrist?

A

7 **tarsal **(ankle) bones

8 **carpal **(wrist) bones

155
Q
A

KIN 260 (20 decks)

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