Chapter 23 - Respiratory System

Question 1

Upper Respiratory System

Answer 1

nose, pharynx & associated structures

Question 2

Lower respiratory system

Answer 2

larynx, trachea, bronchi & lungs

Question 3

Respiratory System Anatomy

structurally?

functionally?

Answer 3

structurally: upper & lower respiratory system

Functionally: conducting & respiratory zone

Question 4

Conducting zone

Answer 4

conducts air to lungs

• nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles & terminal bronchioles

Question 5

Respiratory zone

Answer 5

main site of gas exchange

• respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs & alveoli

Question 6

Nose

(2) parts

Answer 6

External nose

Internal nose

Question 7

External nose

Answer 7

visible portion on face

Question 8

Internal nose

consists of?

ducts from __(2)__ open into internal nose

Answer 8

large cavity beyond **nasal vestibule **(just inside nostrils)

nasal cavity opens into pharynx through internal nares (**choanae) **and

ducts from **paranasal sinuses **and nasolacrimal ducts open into **nasal cavity **

Question 9

Nasal cavity is divided by? subdivided by? into?

Answer 9

nasal septum

nasal conchae

meatuses

Question 10

Pharynx

Answer 10

posterior to nasal & oral cavities, above larynx, anterior to cervical vertebrae

Question 11

Pharynx

• starts at? extends to?

Answer 11

**internal nares **to **cricoid cartilage **of **larynx **

assists in swallowing

Question 12

Functions of Pharynx

Answer 12

1) passageway for air & food
2) resonating chamber
3) houses tonsils

Question 14

(3) regions of **Pharynx **

Answer 14

1) nasopharynx
2) oropharynx
3) laryngopharynx

Question 15

**Larynx **

composed of?

Answer 15

short passageway connecting laryngopharynx with trachea

9 pieces of cartilage

Question 16

9 pieces of cartilage in Larynx

Answer 16

thyroid - adam’s apple

cricoid -hallmark for tracheotomy

epiglottis - closes off glottis during swallowing

Question 17

Glottis

Answer 17

pairs of folds of mucous membrane

closed off by epiglottis during swallowing

Question 18

Cilia in

1) upper resp. tract
2) lower resp. tract

Answer 18

1) move mucous & trapped particles down toward pharynx
2) move mucous & trapped particles up toward pharynx

Question 19

Trachea

Answer 19

extends from larynx to superior border of T5

divides into right & left primary bronchi

Question 20

Trachea

consists of…

• (4) layers

Answer 20

16-20 C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

open part faces **esophagus **

mucosa

submucosa

hyaline cartilage

adventitia

Question 21

Bronchi

- carina

Answer 21

right & left primary bronchus goes to lungs

• internal ridge dividing bronchi

Question 22

primary bronchi → ??

Answer 22

secondary lobar bronchi → tertiary (segmental) → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles

Question 23

Structural changes with branching in Bronchial tree

Answer 23

mucous membrane changes

incomplete rings becomes plates & then disappear

cartilage decreases & smooth muscle increases

Question 24

1) Sympathetic ANS
2) Parasympathetic ANS

Answer 24

1) relaxation/dilation
2) contraction/constriction

Question 25

Lungs

separated by?

each lung enclosed by?

Answer 25

heart

double-layered **pleural membrane **

Question 26

double-layered pleural membrane of lungs

Answer 26

**parietal layer - **lines wall of thoracic cavity

**visceral layer - **covers lungs

**pleural cavity **is space between lungs and filled with pleural fluid

Question 27

Anatomy of Lungs

Answer 27

**lobes - **each lung divides by 1 or 2 fissures

**lobule **wrapped in elastic CT & contains lymphatic vessel, arteriole, venule & branch from terminal bronchiole

Question 28

**terminal bronchioles **branch into… which divide into ?

Answer 28

**respiratory bronchioles **

alveolar ducts → sacs → alveoli

Question 29

Alveoli

(2) types of alveolar epithelial cells

Answer 29

cup-shaped outpouching

Type 1 - main site of gas exchange

Type 2 - surfactant in alveolar fluid reduces tendency to collapse

Question 30

Alveolus - respiratory membrane

extends from alveolar air space to blood plasma, respiratory membrane consists of (4) layers…

Answer 30

1) alveolar wall - type 1 & type 2 alveolar cells
2) **epithelial basement membrane **
3) capillary basement membrane
4) capillary endothelium

Question 31

Lungs recieve blood from?

Answer 31

**pulmonary artery **- deoxygenated blood

**bronchial arteries **- oxygenated blood to perfuse muscular walls of bronchi & bronchioles

Question 32

**Pulmonary Ventilation **

• (3) respiratory (gas exchange) steps

Answer 32

1) **pulmonary ventilation/breathing- **inhalation & exhalation involves exchange of air between atmosphere & alveoli of lungs
2) **External (pulmonary) respiration - **exchange of gases between alveoli & blood
3) **Internal (tissue) respiration - **exchange of gases between systemic capillaries & tissue cells

supplies cellular respration (makes ATP)

Question 33

For air to flow into lungs…

Answer 33

**Pressure: **alveoli < Patm

• achieved by increasing size of lungs

Question 34

Inhalation

Answer 34

lungs expand, increasing volume & decreasing pressure below Patm

Question 35

Most important muscle of inhalation

Answer 35

diaphragm

Question 36

When inhalation is active - contraction of (2)

Answer 36

1) diaphragm
2) external intercostals

Question 37

as lung volume increases, __ (____) pressure drops

Answer 37

alveolar (intrapulmonic) pressure

Question 38

Exhalation

Answer 38

pressure in lungs greater than atmospheric pressure

normally passive - muscles relax