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KIN 260 > Chapter 26 - Urinary System > Flashcards

Chapter 26 - Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Kidney functions (8)

A

**Regulation of: **

blood ionic composition, pH, volume, pressure, glucose level

**Maintenance of **blood osmolarity

**Production of **hormons (calcitrol & erythropoitin)

**Excretion of **wastes from metabolic reactions & foreign substances

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2
Q

External Anatomy of Kidneys

A

**Renal Hilum **

**3 layers of tissue **

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3
Q

Renal Hilum

(3) layers of tissue

A
  • indent where ureter emerges along with blood & lymphatic vessels & nerves
    1) renal capsule
    2) adipose capsule
    3) renal fascia
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4
Q

1) renal capsule
2) adipose capsule
3) renal fascia

A

1) deep layer - continous with coat of ureter, barrier against trauma & maintains kidney shape
2) mass of fatty tissue, protects kidney from trauma & holds it in place
3) superficial layer - thin layer of CT that anchors kidney to surrounding structures & abdominal wall

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5
Q

Kidney - position, weight & size

A

retroperitoneal

level of T12 to L3

160g each

size of bar of soap

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6
Q

Kidney shape

A

**lateral surface - **convex

**medial border- **concave: faces vertebral column

  • renal hilum near center
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7
Q

Connective tissue coverings

1) renal capsule (deep)
2) adipose capsule
3) renal fascia (superficial)

A

1) encloses kidney like cellophane wrap
2) cushions kidney
3) binds to abdominnal wall

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8
Q

(2) distinct regions of kidney

A

superficial, light red - Renal cortex

deep, darker reddish-brown - **Renal medulla **

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9
Q

**Renal Cortex **

extends from?

consists of

A

superficial

extends from renal capsule to bases of renal pyramids

divided into (2) zones

**renal columns **

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10
Q

(2) zones of renal cortex

A

**Outer cortical zone **

Inner juxtamedullary zone

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11
Q

Renal cortex

  • renal columns
A

portions of renal cortex that extend between renal pyramids

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12
Q

**Renal Medulla **- inner region

consists of?

A

several cone-shaped **renal pyramids **

base (wider end) faces renal cortex,

apex (narrow end) = **renal papilla **- points toward renal hilum

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13
Q

Renal lobe

A

consists of **renal pyramid, **overlying area of **renal cortex **& 1/2of each adjacent renal column

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14
Q

Parenchyma of kidneys = ?

A

FUNCTIONAL PORTION OF KIDNEYS

renal cortex + renal pyramids of renal medulla

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15
Q

Nephrons

A

microscopic functional unit of kidney

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16
Q

filtered fluid formed by **nephrons **drains into?

A

large **papillary ducts - **extend through renal papillae of renal pyramids

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17
Q

Flow of filtered fluid from nephrons

A

→ papillary ducts → minor calyces (8-18) → major calyces (2-3) → renal pelvis → ureter → urinary bladder

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18
Q

When does filtrate become urine? why?

A

once filtrate enters calyces

because no further reabsorption can occur

b/c simple epithelium of nephron & ducts becomes transitional epithelium in calyces

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19
Q

Renal sinus

A

cavity within kidneys that hilum expands into

contains part of renal pelvis, calyces, branches of renal blood vessels & nerves

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20
Q

Although kidneys constitute less than 0.5% of total body mass, they
receive 20-25 % of resting cardiac output via?

A

right & left **renal arteries **

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21
Q

Within kidneys, **renal arteries **divide into…

A

segmental arteries →interlobar → arcuate → interlobular→ afferent arterioles → glomerulus → efferent arteriole→ peritubular capillaries + vasa recta → peritubular venules→ interlobular veins →arcuate → interlobar →renal vein

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22
Q

each ___ recieves one **afferent arteriole, **which divides into tangled ball-shaped capillary network called ___?

A

**glomerulus **

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23
Q

LOCATION OF:

1) segmental arteries →
2) interlobar →
3) arcuate →
4) interlobular →
5) afferent arterioles →
6) glomerulus

A

1) within kidney
2) in parenchyma, through renal columns, b/w renal pyramids
3) base of renal pyamid, arch b/w medulla & cortex
4) pass b/w renal lobules
5) renal cortex
6) nephron recieves 1 afferent arteriole which divides into **glomerulus **

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24
Q

**Glomerular **capillaries reunite to form **efferent arterioles **which divide to form → __ __ → __ _→_ _→___→__→__ ___ → __ ___ __

extending from some **efferent arterioles **are ___ ___

A

efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries (surround tubular part of nephrons in cortex)→ peritubular venules → interlobar veins → arcuate → interlobar → renal vein → exits through renal hilum → **inferior vena cava **

**vasa recta **- long loop-shaped capillaries that support tubular portions of nephron in medulla

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25
Q

Renal nerves are part of the ___ ___ nervous system

most are __ nerves regulating?

A

sympathetic autonomic

**vasomotor **- regulate blood flow through kidney by vasodilation/constriction of renal arterioles

26
Q

Nephron

  • (2) parts
A

1) Renal **corpuscle **
2) Renal **tubule **

27
Q

Parts of Nephron:

1) Renal corpuscle ​
2) Renal tubule

A

1) where blood plasma is filtered
2) into which filtered fluid passes

28
Q

Nephron

(2) components of renal corpuscle

A

a) **glomerulus **
b) glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

29
Q

Nephron: renal **corpuscle **

**a) glomerulus **

b) glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule

A

a) capillary network
b) double-walled epithelial cup that surrounds glomerular capillaries

30
Q

Blood plasma is filtered in **golumerular capsule, **then passed into renal tubule.

(3) main sections of RENAL TUBULE
- *in order that fluid passes through them *

A

1) proximal convulated tubule (PCT)
2) **loop of Henle (nephron loop) **
3) distal convulated tubule

31
Q

**renal corpuscle **& both convulated tubules lie within ____ ___

**Loop of Henle **extends into __ __ but returns to renal cortex

A

renal cortex

renal medulla

32
Q

**Distal convoluted tubule **of several nephrons empty into?

A

a single **collecting duct **

33
Q

Urine flow:

Distal convoluted tubules → ? → ? ….

A

**collecting duct **→ converge into 100s of **papillary ducts → minor calyces **

34
Q

**collecting ducts & papillary ducts **extend from? through? to?

A

renal cortex through medulla to renal pelvis

35
Q

**Loop of Henle **in nephron connects?

(2) parts of **Loop of Henle **

A

proximal & distal convoluted tubules.

into renal medulla as 1) descending limb

makes hairpin turn and returns to renal cortex as

2) **ascending **limb

36
Q

(2) types of Nephrons

A

1) Cortical
2) Juxtamedullary

37
Q

1) Cortical Nephron

location of renal corpuscles

**Loop of Henle **structure

A

80-85% of nephrons

**renal corpuscles **lie in outer portion of renal cortex (cortical zone)

short loops of Henle - mainly in cortex, penetrate only into outer region of renal medulla

38
Q

the short **Loops of Henle **in **Cortical Nephrons **recieve blood supply from..?

A

**peritubular capillaries **that arise from **efferent arterioles **

39
Q

**Juxtamedullary **nephrons

location of **Renal corpuscle **

**Loop of Henle **structure

  • ascending limb
A

15-20% of nephrons

renal corpuscles lie deep in cortex (juxtamedullary zone)

long **Loop of Henle - **extends into deepest region of medulla

(2) portions off **ascending limb **- thin & thick

40
Q

Long **loops of Henle **in **Juxtamedullary Nephrons **recieve blood supply from?

A

**peritubular capillaries & **vasa recta **that arrise from efferent arterioles

41
Q

Histology of Glomerular capsule

(2) layers

A

1) parietal layer
2) visceral layer

42
Q

Glomerular Capsule

1) parietal layer
2) visceral layer

A

1) simple squamous epithelium - **outer wall **
2) modified simple squamous epithelium = **podocytes **that wrap projections around single layer of endothelial cells of **glomerular capillaries **

- inner wall

43
Q

Fluid filtered from glomerular capillaries enters…

A

**Glomerular (Bowman’s) space - **space between 2 layers of glomerular capsule (lumen of urinary tube)

44
Q

Histology of Renal Tubule & Collecting duct

- PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

A

simple cuboidal epithelial cells

prominent brush borderof microvilli on surface facing lumen

45
Q

Histology of** Renal Tubule & Collecting duct**

**DESCENDING & **1ST PART OF ASCENDING LIMB OF LOOP OF HENLE (THIN)

A

**descending & thin ascending - **simple squamous epithelium

**thick - **simple cuboidal to low columnar epithelium

46
Q

Macula densa

A

area of closely packed specialized cells lining the wall of the distal convoluted tubule/final part of ascending loop of henle

47
Q

Juxtamedullary cells

A

modified smooth muscle fibers in walls of afferent (& sometimes efferent) arterioles alongside macula densa

48
Q

Juxtamedullary Apparatus

A

macula densa + juxtamedullary cells

  • help regulate blood pressure in kidney
49
Q

In the last part of the Distal Convoluted Tubule & continuing into **collecting ducts, **

(2) different types of cells are present

A

1) **principal cells - **receptors for antidiuretic hormone (ADH) & aldosterone (2 hormones that regulate their functions)
2) **intercalated cells - **play a role in homeostasis of blood pH

50
Q

(3) basic processes performed by **nephrons & collecting ducts **to produce urine

A

1) GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

**2) TUBULAR REABSORPTION **

3) TUBULAR SECRETION

51
Q

**1) GLOMERULAR FILTRATION **

2) TUBULAR REABSORPTION

3) TUBULAR SECRETION

A

1) water & solutes in blood plasma move across wall of glomerular capillaries, filtered → move into glomerular capsule → renal tubule
2) as filtered fluid flows through **renal tubules → collecting ducts **- tubule cells reabsorb 99% of filtered water & other solutes which return to blood as it flows through **peritubular capillaries & vasa recta **
3) as filtered fluid from **renal tubules + collecting ducts, **renal tubule & duct cells secrete other materials (waste, drugs, xs ions) into fluid

52
Q

solutes in fluid that drain into renal pelvis remain in fluid and are ___ as ___

A

excreted as urine

53
Q

Excretion of any solute = ?

A

glomerular filtration - reabsoprtion + secretion

54
Q

Urinary bladder

A

hollow ditensible muscular organ

capacity: 700-800 mL

55
Q

Micturition

A

discharge of urine from urinary bladder

aka urination

56
Q

**Urination/Micturition **involves combination of?

A

voluntary & involuntary muscle contractions

57
Q

When volume of urine in urinary bladder exceeds 200-400 mL, pressure increases &…

A

stretch receptors in wall transmit nerve impulses into spinal cord → micturition **center **in S2 & S3 → trigger (spinal reflex) micturition reflex → parasympathetic impulses to **urinary bladder & internal urethral sphincter → **contraction of detrusor, relaxation of **internal urethral sphincter + **inhibition of somatic motor neurons in external urethral sphincter

58
Q

External urethral orifice

A

between clitoris & vaginal orifice

59
Q

Internal urethral sphincter

A

detrusor muscle thickened, smooth muscle, involuntary control

60
Q
A

KIN 260 (20 decks)

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