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KIN 260 > Chapter 5 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

The organs of the **integumentary system **include?

A

**skin **& accessory structures including hair, nails, glands, blood vessels, muscles and nerves

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2
Q

Dermatology

A

medical specialty for the diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the **integumentary system. **

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3
Q

**Skin **

aka?

location?

size?

A

subcutaneous membrane

covers body

largest organ of body by surface area & weight

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4
Q

**Skin **

area & weight

% of body weight

A

2 square metres (22 sq. feet)

4.5-5 kg (10-11 lb)

7%

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5
Q

**Skin **thickness

range & average

A

0.5-4.0 mm thick

thinnest on eyelids

thickest on heels

average = 1-2 mm

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6
Q

SKIN

(2) major layers

A

1) **epidermis - **outer, thinner layer; consists of epithelial tissue
2) **dermis - **inner, thicker layer

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7
Q

Beneath the dermis is?

A

a **subcutaneous (subQ) layer **(also called hypodermis)

which attaches the skin to underlying tissues & organs.

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8
Q

Important characteristics of the Epidermis

**(2) **

A
  • composed of **keratinized **stratified squamous epithelium

contains 4 major types of cels

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9
Q

Epidermis

(4) major types of cells

A

1) keratinocytes
2) melanocytes
3) Langerhans cells
4) **Merkel cells **

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10
Q

Major cells of the epidermis: Keratinocytes

A

(90% of the cells)

**- **produce keratin (a tough fibrous protein that provides protection)

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11
Q

Major cells of the epidermis: Melanocytes

A

produce the pigment melanin that protects against damage by UV radiation

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12
Q

Major cells of the epidermis: **Merkel cells **

A

involved in immune responses, arise from red bone marrow

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13
Q

major cells of the epidermis: Merkel cells

A

function in sensation of touch along with adjacent tactile discs

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14
Q

The epidermis contains how many layers?

A

four major layers (thin skin)

five major layers (thick skin)

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15
Q

(5) layers of the epidermis

A

1) stratum corneum
2) stratum lucidum
3) stratum granulosum
4) stratum spinosum
5) stratum basale

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16
Q

Stratum Basale

A

aka stratum germinativum

deepest layer

continuous cell division occurs which **produces all other layers **

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17
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

8-10 layers of keratinocytes

Langerham cells & projections of melanocytes present

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18
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

present **only in thick skin **

(the skin of the fingertips, palms, and soles)

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19
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

includes keratohyalin and lamellar granules

consists of 3 to 5 layers of flattened keratinocytes undergoing apoptosis

marks transition between deeper metabolically active strata & dead cells of superficial strata

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20
Q

Stratum corneum

A

composed of many sublayers of flat, dead keratinocytes called corneocytes or squames that are *continuously shed and replaced *by cells from deeper strata;

constant friction can stimulate formation of a callus.

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21
Q

Formation of a callus

A

constant friction

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22
Q

Keratinization

A

the accumulation of more and more protective keratin, occurs as cells move from the deepest layer to surface layer

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23
Q

Dandruff

A
  • an excess of keratinized cells shed from the scalp
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24
Q

Important characteristics of the Dermis

A

composed of connective tissue containing collagen & elastic fibers

contains 2 layers

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25
Q

(2) layers of the dermis

A

1) **Papillary **region
2) **Reticular **region

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26
Q

**Papillary **region

consists of?

containing?

A

outer region, consists of areolar (soft) connective tissue containing thin collagen, elastic fibers, dermal papillae (including capillary loops), corpuscles of touch & free **nerve endings **

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27
Q

**Reticular **region

A

deeper region,

consists of dense irregular connective tissue

containing collagen and elastic fibers, adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous (oil) glands, & sudoriferous (sweat) glands

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28
Q

**Striae **

A

stretch marks

  • appear if the skin is stretched too much
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29
Q

Lines of Cleavage

A

tension lines” in the skin indicate the predominant direction of underlying collagen fibers

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30
Q

Epidermal ridges

function?

A

reflect contours of the underlying dermal papillae & form the basis for fingerprints (and footprints);

function: to increase firmness of grip by increasing friction.

31
Q

**Subcutaneous **(subQ) Layer

A

aka **hypodermis**

not part of the skin but attaches to skin to underlying tissue

32
Q

The **Subcutaneous **Layer (and sometimes the dermis) contains?

A

**lamellated (pacinian) corpuscles **which detect external pressure applied to the skin

33
Q

**Accessory **structures **of the skin

A

include **hair, skin glands **& nails

34
Q

**Hair **

aka?

(3) important functions

A

Pili

1) protection
2) reduction of heat loss
3) sensing light tough

35
Q

**Hair **

composed of?

A

composed of **dead, keratinized epidermal cells **

36
Q

**Hair **consists of?

A

**shaft **- mostly projects above

root - penetrates into dermis

**hair follicle **- surrounds root of hair, made up of external & internal root sheath referred together as the **epithelial root sheath **

**dermal root sheath - **dense dermis surrounding hair follicle

37
Q

(3) different types of hair

A

1) **lanugo **
2) **vellus **haira
3) **terminal **hairs

38
Q

Lanugo

A

fine, non-pigmented downy hairs on body

39
Q

Vellus hairs

A

replace lanugo

short, fine, pale hairs

barely visible

40
Q

terminal hairs

A

long, course, heavily pigmented

replace lanugo of eyebrows, eyelashes & scalf

41
Q

Hair color is determined by ?

A

the amount and type of melanin

42
Q

sebaceous (oil) glands

connected to?

secrete?

A

hair follicles

oily substance called sebum

43
Q

Sebum

A

an oily substance secreted by **sebaceous glands **to prevent dehydration of hair & skin and inhibit growth of certain bacteria

44
Q

(3) Types of Skin Glands

A

1) **Sebaceous glands
2) ** Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
3) **Ceruminous **glands

45
Q

**Sudoriferous (sweat) **glands

(2) types

A

1) **Eccrine (merocrine) **sweat glands
2) **Apocrine **sweat glands

46
Q

Dermatoglyphics

A

the sutdy of the pattern of epidermal ridges

47
Q

**Eccrine (merocrine) **sweat glands

function?

location?

A

helps to cool body by evaporating, & eliminates small amounts of wastes

distributed throughout skin of most regions especialy in skin of forehead, palms & **soles **

  • located mostly in deep dermis (sometimes in subQ layer)
48
Q

**Apocrine **sweat glands

located?

function?

A

located mainly in the skin of the axilla, groin, areolae,
and bearded facial regions of adult males.

  • their excretory ducts open into **hair follicles **
  • sweat secreted during **emotional stress **& sexual excitement
49
Q

**Ceruminous **Glands

what are they & where are they located?

function?

A

Modified sweat glands located in the external auditory (ear) canal

secretary portion lie in subQ layer, deep to sebaceous glands

Along with nearby sebaceous glands, they are involved in producing a waxy secretion called cerumen (earwax) which provides a sticky barrier that prevents entry of foreign
bodies into ear canal.

50
Q

Functions of Nails (3)

A

1) protect distal end of **digits **
2) provide support & counterpressure to palmar surface to enhance touch perception & manipulation
3) allow us to grasp & manipulate small objects + scratch & groom

51
Q

What are Nails?

Where are they located?

A

composed of hard, keratinized epidermal cells

located over **dorsal surfaces **of the ends of fingers & toes

52
Q

Each **nail **consists of? (6)

A

1) free edge **
2) transparent nail body **
3) whitish **lunula **
4) **eponychium (cuticle)
5) nail root
6) hyponychium **(nail bed)

53
Q

**Free Edge **of Nail

A

part of nail body that may extend past distal end of digit

54
Q

Nail Body

aka?

A

(plate)

transparent

whitish **lunula at its base **

comparable to stratum corneum of general epidermis

55
Q

Lunula

A

whitish crescent-shaped area at base of **nail body (plate) **

white b/c vascular tissue underneath does not show through thickened region of epithelium

56
Q

Nail Root

A

embedded in a fold of skin

57
Q

Hyponychium

A

nail bed

thickened region of stratum corneum that secures nail to fingertip

58
Q

**Eponychium **

A

cuticle

narrow band of epidermi

consists of stratum corneum

extends from & adheres to margin (lateral border) of nail wall

  • occupies proximal border
59
Q

(2) major types of skin

A

1) **thin (hairy) **skin
2) **thick (hairless) **skin

60
Q

thin (hairy) skin

covers what body regions?

A

all body regions **EXCEPT **palms, palmar surfaces of digits & soles

61
Q

thick (hairless) skin

covers what body regions?

A

palms, palmar surfaces of digits & soles

62
Q

**Integumentary System **- functions? (6)

A

1) regulate body temp
2) store blood
3) protection from external environment
4) detect cutaneous sensations
5) excrete/absorb substances
6) synthesize vitamin D

63
Q

(5) **Hair **functions

A

1) protection from injury (scalp)
2) protection from sun’s rays
3) sensing light touch
4) decreasing heat loss
5) protect eyes from foreign particles

64
Q

Main Organ of the Integumentary System

A

skin

65
Q

(3) associated structures in the Integumentary system

A

1) nails
2) hair
3) glands

66
Q

Most** superficial **region of the dermis

A

papillary region

67
Q

Most common connective tissue fibre found in the **dermis **

A

collagen

68
Q

Which layer of the integument releases the heat from the body via the blood vessels?

A

dermis

69
Q

What material makes the epidermis tough?

A

keratin

70
Q

Distinguish between Pacinian corpuscles, Meissner’s corpuscles and pain receptors in the skin

A

**Pacinian - **located deep in dermis & hypodermis

  • function to recieve sensation of deep pressure

**Meissner’s - **located just underneath epidermis

  • function to percieve light tough

**Pain Receptors - **in the dermis

  • respond to numerous pain stimuli
71
Q

Approximately how long does it take for the epidermis to renew itself?

A

4-6 weeks

72
Q

Piloerector Muscle

What is it?

What does it do?

A

smooth muscle that extends from superficial dermis to dermal root sheath

contracts which pulls hair shaft perpendicular to skin surface (upright)

73
Q

What is the **outermost portion **of the hair?

A

cuticle

74
Q
A

KIN 260 (20 decks)

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