Chapter 9: Female and Male Reproductive System Flashcards
fertilization
union of the male and female gametes to form a zygote, leading to the development of a new individual
gamete
reproductive cell
infertility
persistent inability to convive a child
neonate
infant from birth to 28 days of age
ova
female reproductive cells
postpartum
occurring after childbirth
amni/o
amnion
cervic/o
neck; cervix uteri (neck of uterus)
colp/o, vagin/o
vagina
galact/o, lact/o
milk
gynec/o
women, female
hyster/o, uter/o
uterus
mamm/o, mast/o
breast
men/o
menses, menstruation
metr/o
uterus (womb); mesure
nat/o
birth
oophor/o, ovari/o
ovary
perine/o
perineum
salping/o
tube
vulv/o, episi/o
vulva
andr/o
male
balan/o
glans penis
gonad/o
gonads, sex glands
olig/o
scanty
orch/o, orchi/o, orchid/o, test/o
testis, testes
prostat/o
prostate gland
spermat/o, sperm/i, sperm/o
spermatozoa, sperm cells
varic/o
dilated vein
vas/o
vessel
vesicul/o
seminal vesicle
-arche
beginning
-cyesis
pregnancy
-gravida
pregnant woman
-para
to bear (offspring)
-saplinx
tube
-tocia
childbirth, labor
abortion
termination of pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus before it can survive outside the uterus
spontaneous abortion
abortion that is an unplanned loss of pregnancy, or miscarriage
therapeutic abortion
abortion that is induced to end a pregnancy because the woman’s health is endangered or some other personal reason
candidiasis
vaginal fungal infection caused by Candila albicans and characterized by a crudy or cheeklike discharge and exreme itching
cervicitis
inflammation of the uterine cervix, which is usually the result of infection or a sexually transmitted infection
down syndrome
congenital disorder caused by an extra chromosome 21, which causes intellectual impairment and physical abnormalities
ectopic pregnancy
implantation of the fertilized ovum outside of the uterine cavity, most commonly in a fallopian tube
endometriosis
presence of endometrial tissues outside the uterine cavity, such as the pelvis or the abdomen
fibroid
benign neoplasm in the uterus that is composed largely of fibrous tissue
fistula
abnormal tunnel connecting two body cavities, such as the rectum and the vagina, or a body cavity to the skin, such as the rectum to the outside of the body, caused by injury, infection, or inflammation
vesicovaginal
abnormal duct between the bladder and vagina that results in severe urine from the vagina
gestational hypertension
potentially life threatening condition of high blood pressure, usually develops after the 20th week of pregnancy and is characterized by edema and proteinuria
preeclampsia
nonconclusive form of gestational hypertension that, if left untreated, may progress to eclampsia
eclampsia
conclusive form of gestational hypertension that is a medical emergency and life threatening to the mother, baby, or both
sterility
inability of a woman to become pregnant or for a man to impregnate a woman
toxic shock syndrome
rare, sometimes fatal, staphylococcal infection that generally occurs in menstruating women, most of whom use vaginal tampons
anorchism
congenital absence of one or both testes
balanitis
inflammation of the skin covering the glans penis caused by irritation and invasion of microorganisms and commonly associated with inadequate hygiene of the prepuce and phimosis
benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
gradual enlargement of the prostate gland that normally occurs as a man ages and is common in men older than 60 years
cryptorchidism
failure of one or both testicles to descend into the scrotum
epispadias
congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis near the glans penis instead of the tip
hypospadias
congenital defect in which the urethra opens on the upper side of the penis near the glans penis instead of the tip
impotence
inability of a man to achieve or maintain a penile erection, or a erectile dysfunction
phimosis
stenosis or narrowing of the preputial orifice so that the foreskins cannot be pushed back over the glans penis
sexual transmitted infection
any disease affecting the male or female reproductive system that is acquired as a result of sexual intercourse or other intimate contact with an infected individual
chlamydia
one of the most damaging STIS caused by bacterium, causing cervicitis in women and urethritis in men
genital warts
warts in the genitalia caused by HPV and possibly associated with cervical cancer in women
gonorrhea
contagious STI caused by bacterium and most commonly affecting the genitourinary tract and occasionally the pharynx or the rectum
herpes genitalis
infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 of the male or female genital and anorectal skin and mucosa that may be transmitted through the placenta to the fetus during delivery
syphilis
infectious, chronic STI characterized by a skin lesion typically on the genital’s, rectum, or mouth, which may cause long term complications including death if not treated
trichomoniasis
protozoal infestation of the vagina, urethra, or prostate and the most common STI affecting men and women, although symptoms are more common in woman
colposcopy
examination of the vag. and cervix with an optical magnifying instrument
hysterosalpingography
radiography of the uterus and oviducts after injection of a contrast medium
laparoscopy
visual examination of the abdominal cavity with a laparoscope through one or more small incisions in the abdominal wall, usually in the umbilicus
mammography
radiography of the breasts used to diagnose benign and malignant tumors
Papanicolaou (pap) test
microscopic analysis of a small tissue sample obtained from the cervix and vag. by using a swab to detect carcinoma
digital rectal examination (DRE)
examination of the prostate gland by finger palpation through the anal canal and the rectum
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test
blood test used to screen for prostate cancer in which elevated levels of PSA are associated with prostate enlargement and caner
transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) and biopsy of the prostate
an ultrasound probe is inserted into the rectum to obtain an image of the prostate gland and collect multiple needle biopsy specimens of the prostate gland tissues where abnormalities are detected
cerclage
obstetric procedure in which nonabsorbable suture is used for holding the cervix closed to prevent spontaneous abortion in a woman who has an incompetent cervix
dialation and curettage (D&C)
surgical procedure that widens the cervical canal of the uterus so that the endometrium of the uterus can be scarped to stop prolonged or heavy uterine bleeding, diagnose uterine abnormalities and obtain tissue for microscopic examination
hysterosalpingooophorectomy
surgical removal of the uterus, a fallopian tube, and a uterus
lumpectomy
excision of a small primary breast tumor and some of the normal tissue that surrounds it
mastectomy
complete or partial excissiion of on eor both breasts, most commonly performed to remove a malignant tumor
modified radical mastectomy
mastectomy that involves excision of an entire breast, including lymph nodes in the underarm
radical mastectomy
mastectomy that invlves excision of an entire breast, all underarm lymph nodes, and chest wall muscles under the breast
total mastectomy
mastectomy that involves excision of an entire breast, nipple, areola, and the involved overlying skin
reconstructive breast surgery
reconstruction of a breast that has been removed because of cancer or other disease, commonly possible immediately after mastectomy, so the patient awakens from anesthesia with a breast mound already in place
tissue (skin) expansion recon. breast surgery
common breast reconstruction techniques in which a balloon expander is inserted beneath the skin and chest muscle, saline solution is a gradually injected to increase size, and the expander is replaced with a more permanent implant
transverse rectus abdominis muscle (TRAM) flap
surgical creation of a skin flap which is passed under the skin to the breast area, shaped into a natural looking breast, and sutured into place
tubal ligation
sterilization procedure that involves blocking both fallopian tubes by cutting or burning them and tying them off
circumcision
surgical removal of the foreskin or prepuce of the penis, usually performed on a male infant
transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
surgical procedure to relive obstruction caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia by insertion of a resectoscope into the penis and through the urethra to chip away at prostatic tissues and flush out chops an irrigating solution
antifungals
treat vaginal infection
estorgens
treat symptoms of menopause through hormone replacement surgery (HRT)
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
synthetic hormone used to correct deficiency of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, relive symptoms of mesopause, and prevent osteoporosis in woman
oral contraceptives (OCP)
prevent ovulation to avoid pregnancy, or birth control
gonadotropins
hormonal preparation to increase sperm count in cases of infertility
spermicides
method of birth control, destroy sperm by created highly acidic environment in the uterus
