Chapter 7: The Digestive System Flashcards
oral cavity
food enters the body, teeth crush food into smaller pieces
pharynx (throat)
food passageway form mouth to esophagus, air passageway from nose to larynx
esophagus
food is pushed toward stomach by peristalsis
stomach
food transformed into chyme, pyloric sphincter allows chyme to pass into small intestine
chyme
a semi-fluid mass of partially digested food and digestive juices that moves from the stomach to the small intestine
peristalsis
a series of involuntary muscle contractions that move food, fluids, and urine throughout the body
Small Intestine (small bowel)
Duodenum, jejunum, ileum (in that order)
large intestine
ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon and rectum (rectum is the last part of the colon)
Liver
Largest glandular organ in the body, manufactures blood proteins, destroys old erythrocytes, removes toxins from blood, manufactures bile that aids in digestion of fats, stores and releases glycogen as needed by the body
glycogen
a complex carbohydrate that stores glucose, the body’s main source of energy
gallbladder
stores and releases bile recieved from the liver
pancreas
produces enzymes that aid in digestion of proteins, starches, and fats , secretes insulin and glucagon
act of chewing
mastication
oro/o, stomat/o
mouth
dent/o, odont/o:
teeth
gloss/o, lingu/o
tounge
pancreat/o:
pancreas
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
chol/e
byle
choledoch/o
byle duct
duoden/o:
duadenum
jejun/o
jejunum
ile/o
ileum
enter/o
intestines
col/o, colon/o
colon
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
rect/o
rectum
an/o
anus
proct/o
anus, rectum
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix, caused by obstruction or infection, pain located in RLQ
diverticulitis
acute inflammation of diverticula, pain located in LLQ
cholelithiasis
cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis - formation or presence of gallstones within the gallbladder or bile ducts
sigmoidoscopy
examination of the lower third of the colon only
colonoscopy
examination of entire length of the colon
upper gastrointestinal series
images of esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after ingestion of barium
lower gastrointestinal series
images of the rectum and colon after administration of a barium enema into rectum and identifies obstructions tumors, or other abnormalities of the colon
bariatric surgery
vertical banded gastroplasty
colostomy
creation of an opening into the colon through the surface of the abdomen
polypectomy
excision of a small tumor like
antacids
counteract or neutralize acidity, usually in the stomach
antidiarrheals
control loose stools
antiemetics
control nausea and vomiting
laxatives
treat constipation
dent/o, odont/o
teeth
gingiv/o
gums
gloss/o, lingu/o
tongue
or/o, stomat/o
mouth
ptyal/o
salvia
sial/o
salvia, salivary glands
esophag/o
esophagus
gastr/o
stomach
pharyng/o
pharynx
pylor/o
pylorus (sphincter in lower portion of stomach that opens into duodenum
duoden/o
duodenum (first part of small intestine)
enter/o
intestine (small intestine usually)
jejun/o
jejunum (second part of the small intestine)
ile/o
ileum (third part of the small intestine)
an/o
anus
colon/o, col/o
colon
proct/o
anus, rectum
rect/o
rectum
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
cholangi/o
bile vessel
chol/e
bile, gall
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
choledoch/o
bile duct
pancreat/o
pancreas
-orexia
appetite
-osis
abnormal condition
-pepsia
digestion
-prandial
meal
rrhea
discharge, flow
endo-
in, within
hemat-
blood
hypo-
under, below, deficient
appendicitis
inflammation of the appendix, typically an acute condition caused by blockage of the appendix flowed by infection that is related with surgery
ascites
pathological buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity as a result of liver disease, cancer, heart failure, or kidney failure
borborygmus
gurgling or rumbling sound heard over the large intestine that is caused by gas moving through the intestines
cirrhossi
chronic liver disease characterized by destruction of liver cells that eventually leads to ineffective liver function and jaundice
diverticular disease
formation of bulging pouches throughout the colon but most commonly in the lower portion of the colon
fistula
abnormal tunnels connecting two body cavities
gastroesophageal reflux
backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus as a result of malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
hematochezia
passage of brigh red, bloody stools
hemorrhoid
mass of enlarged, twisted varicose veins in the mucous membrane inside or just outside the rectum
hernia
protrusion or projection of an organ or a apart of an organ through the wall of the cavity that it normally contains
strangulated
hernia whos blood supply has been cut off
inflammatory bowel disease
disorder that causes inflammation of the intestines
Crohn disease
Chronic IBD that may affect any portion of the intestinal tract by its inflammatory patter, which tends to be patchy or segmented
ulcerative colitis
chronic IBD o the colon characterized by ulcers, constant diarrhea mixed with blood, and pain
irritable bowel syndrome
common colon disorder characterized by constipation, diarrhea, gas, and bloating that does not cause permanent damage to the colon
jaundice
yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and a sclerae of the eyes caused by excessive levels of bilirubin in blood
obesity
condition in which body weight exceeds the range of normal or healthy, which is characterized as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25
morbid obesity
more severe obesity in which a person has a BMI of 40 or greater
ulcer
open sore that may result from a perforation or lesion of the skin or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing or inflamed necrotic tissue
volvulus
twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction
barium enema (BE)
radiographic examination of the rectum and colon after administration of barium sulfate into the rectum
barium enema
radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after oral administration of the barium sulfate
cholangiography
radiographic examination of the bile ducts with a contrast medium to reveal gallstones or other obstruction in the bile ducts
esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)
visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum using and endoscope
stool guaiac
test performed on feces using the reagent gum guaiac to detect presence of blood in feces that is not apparent on visual inspection
bariatric surgery
any of a group of procedures used to treat morbid obesity
vertical banded gastroplasty
bariatric surgery in which the upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled vertically to reduce it to ta small pouch and a band is inserted that restricts and delays food from leaving the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness
roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)
a weight-loss surgery that reduces the size of the stomach and reroutes food through the digestive system
colostomy
excision of a disease part of the colon and relocation of the reaming end of the healthy colon though the abdominal wall to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag
lithotripsy
eliminating a stone within the gallbladder or urinary system by crushing it surgically or by using a noninvasive method, such as ultrasonic shock waves, to shatter it
extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)
use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to destroy stones into the gallbladder and biliary ducts
nasogastric intubation
insertion of a soft plastic nasogastric tub through the nostrils, past the pharynx, and down the esophagus into the stomach to remove substances from the stomach, deliver medication, food, or fluids, or specimen for laboratory analysis
polypectomy
excision of small, tumorlike, benign growths that project from a mucous membrane surface
antacids
neutralize acids in the stomach
antidiarrheals
control loose stools and relive diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract
antiemetics
control nauseas and vomiting by blocking nerve impulse to the vomiting center of the brain
laxatives
relieve constipation and facilitate passage of feces through the lower GI tract
