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Medical Terminology > Chapter 7: The Digestive System > Flashcards

Chapter 7: The Digestive System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

oral cavity

A

food enters the body, teeth crush food into smaller pieces

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2
Q

pharynx (throat)

A

food passageway form mouth to esophagus, air passageway from nose to larynx

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3
Q

esophagus

A

food is pushed toward stomach by peristalsis

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4
Q

stomach

A

food transformed into chyme, pyloric sphincter allows chyme to pass into small intestine

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5
Q

chyme

A

a semi-fluid mass of partially digested food and digestive juices that moves from the stomach to the small intestine

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6
Q

peristalsis

A

a series of involuntary muscle contractions that move food, fluids, and urine throughout the body

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7
Q

Small Intestine (small bowel)

A

Duodenum, jejunum, ileum (in that order)

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8
Q

large intestine

A

ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon and rectum (rectum is the last part of the colon)

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9
Q

Liver

A

Largest glandular organ in the body, manufactures blood proteins, destroys old erythrocytes, removes toxins from blood, manufactures bile that aids in digestion of fats, stores and releases glycogen as needed by the body

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10
Q

glycogen

A

a complex carbohydrate that stores glucose, the body’s main source of energy

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11
Q

gallbladder

A

stores and releases bile recieved from the liver

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12
Q

pancreas

A

produces enzymes that aid in digestion of proteins, starches, and fats , secretes insulin and glucagon

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13
Q

act of chewing

A

mastication

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14
Q

oro/o, stomat/o

A

mouth

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15
Q

dent/o, odont/o:

A

teeth

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16
Q

gloss/o, lingu/o

A

tounge

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17
Q

pancreat/o:

A

pancreas

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18
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

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19
Q

chol/e

A

byle

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20
Q

choledoch/o

A

byle duct

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21
Q

duoden/o:

A

duadenum

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22
Q

jejun/o

A

jejunum

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23
Q

ile/o

A

ileum

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24
Q

enter/o

A

intestines

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25
Q

col/o, colon/o

A

colon

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26
Q

sigmoid/o

A

sigmoid colon

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27
Q

rect/o

A

rectum

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28
Q

an/o

A

anus

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29
Q

proct/o

A

anus, rectum

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30
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix, caused by obstruction or infection, pain located in RLQ

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31
Q

diverticulitis

A

acute inflammation of diverticula, pain located in LLQ

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32
Q

cholelithiasis

A

cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis - formation or presence of gallstones within the gallbladder or bile ducts

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33
Q

sigmoidoscopy

A

examination of the lower third of the colon only

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34
Q

colonoscopy

A

examination of entire length of the colon

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35
Q

upper gastrointestinal series

A

images of esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after ingestion of barium

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36
Q

lower gastrointestinal series

A

images of the rectum and colon after administration of a barium enema into rectum and identifies obstructions tumors, or other abnormalities of the colon

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37
Q

bariatric surgery

A

vertical banded gastroplasty

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38
Q

colostomy

A

creation of an opening into the colon through the surface of the abdomen

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39
Q

polypectomy

A

excision of a small tumor like

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40
Q

antacids

A

counteract or neutralize acidity, usually in the stomach

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41
Q

antidiarrheals

A

control loose stools

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42
Q

antiemetics

A

control nausea and vomiting

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43
Q

laxatives

A

treat constipation

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44
Q

dent/o, odont/o

A

teeth

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45
Q

gingiv/o

A

gums

46
Q

gloss/o, lingu/o

A

tongue

47
Q

or/o, stomat/o

A

mouth

48
Q

ptyal/o

A

salvia

49
Q

sial/o

A

salvia, salivary glands

50
Q

esophag/o

A

esophagus

51
Q

gastr/o

A

stomach

52
Q

pharyng/o

A

pharynx

53
Q

pylor/o

A

pylorus (sphincter in lower portion of stomach that opens into duodenum

54
Q

duoden/o

A

duodenum (first part of small intestine)

55
Q

enter/o

A

intestine (small intestine usually)

56
Q

jejun/o

A

jejunum (second part of the small intestine)

57
Q

ile/o

A

ileum (third part of the small intestine)

58
Q

an/o

A

anus

59
Q

colon/o, col/o

A

colon

60
Q

proct/o

A

anus, rectum

61
Q

rect/o

A

rectum

62
Q

sigmoid/o

A

sigmoid colon

63
Q

cholangi/o

A

bile vessel

64
Q

chol/e

A

bile, gall

65
Q

cholecyst/o

A

gallbladder

66
Q

choledoch/o

A

bile duct

67
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

68
Q

-orexia

A

appetite

69
Q

-osis

A

abnormal condition

70
Q

-pepsia

A

digestion

71
Q

-prandial

A

meal

72
Q

rrhea

A

discharge, flow

73
Q

endo-

A

in, within

74
Q

hemat-

A

blood

75
Q

hypo-

A

under, below, deficient

76
Q

appendicitis

A

inflammation of the appendix, typically an acute condition caused by blockage of the appendix flowed by infection that is related with surgery

77
Q

ascites

A

pathological buildup of fluid in the abdominal cavity as a result of liver disease, cancer, heart failure, or kidney failure

78
Q

borborygmus

A

gurgling or rumbling sound heard over the large intestine that is caused by gas moving through the intestines

79
Q

cirrhossi

A

chronic liver disease characterized by destruction of liver cells that eventually leads to ineffective liver function and jaundice

80
Q

diverticular disease

A

formation of bulging pouches throughout the colon but most commonly in the lower portion of the colon

81
Q

fistula

A

abnormal tunnels connecting two body cavities

82
Q

gastroesophageal reflux

A

backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus as a result of malfunction of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)

83
Q

hematochezia

A

passage of brigh red, bloody stools

84
Q

hemorrhoid

A

mass of enlarged, twisted varicose veins in the mucous membrane inside or just outside the rectum

85
Q

hernia

A

protrusion or projection of an organ or a apart of an organ through the wall of the cavity that it normally contains

86
Q

strangulated

A

hernia whos blood supply has been cut off

87
Q

inflammatory bowel disease

A

disorder that causes inflammation of the intestines

88
Q

Crohn disease

A

Chronic IBD that may affect any portion of the intestinal tract by its inflammatory patter, which tends to be patchy or segmented

89
Q

ulcerative colitis

A

chronic IBD o the colon characterized by ulcers, constant diarrhea mixed with blood, and pain

90
Q

irritable bowel syndrome

A

common colon disorder characterized by constipation, diarrhea, gas, and bloating that does not cause permanent damage to the colon

91
Q

jaundice

A

yellow discoloration of the skin, mucous membranes, and a sclerae of the eyes caused by excessive levels of bilirubin in blood

92
Q

obesity

A

condition in which body weight exceeds the range of normal or healthy, which is characterized as a body mass index (BMI) greater than 25

93
Q

morbid obesity

A

more severe obesity in which a person has a BMI of 40 or greater

94
Q

ulcer

A

open sore that may result from a perforation or lesion of the skin or mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing or inflamed necrotic tissue

95
Q

volvulus

A

twisting of the bowel on itself, causing obstruction

96
Q

barium enema (BE)

A

radiographic examination of the rectum and colon after administration of barium sulfate into the rectum

97
Q

barium enema

A

radiographic examination of the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine after oral administration of the barium sulfate

98
Q

cholangiography

A

radiographic examination of the bile ducts with a contrast medium to reveal gallstones or other obstruction in the bile ducts

99
Q

esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD)

A

visual examination of the esophagus, stomach, and duodenum using and endoscope

100
Q

stool guaiac

A

test performed on feces using the reagent gum guaiac to detect presence of blood in feces that is not apparent on visual inspection

101
Q

bariatric surgery

A

any of a group of procedures used to treat morbid obesity

102
Q

vertical banded gastroplasty

A

bariatric surgery in which the upper stomach near the esophagus is stapled vertically to reduce it to ta small pouch and a band is inserted that restricts and delays food from leaving the pouch, causing a feeling of fullness

103
Q

roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RGB)

A

a weight-loss surgery that reduces the size of the stomach and reroutes food through the digestive system

104
Q

colostomy

A

excision of a disease part of the colon and relocation of the reaming end of the healthy colon though the abdominal wall to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag

105
Q

lithotripsy

A

eliminating a stone within the gallbladder or urinary system by crushing it surgically or by using a noninvasive method, such as ultrasonic shock waves, to shatter it

106
Q

extracorporeal shock-wave lithotripsy (ESWL)

A

use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to destroy stones into the gallbladder and biliary ducts

107
Q

nasogastric intubation

A

insertion of a soft plastic nasogastric tub through the nostrils, past the pharynx, and down the esophagus into the stomach to remove substances from the stomach, deliver medication, food, or fluids, or specimen for laboratory analysis

108
Q

polypectomy

A

excision of small, tumorlike, benign growths that project from a mucous membrane surface

109
Q

antacids

A

neutralize acids in the stomach

110
Q

antidiarrheals

A

control loose stools and relive diarrhea by absorbing excess water in the bowel or slowing peristalsis in the intestinal tract

111
Q

antiemetics

A

control nauseas and vomiting by blocking nerve impulse to the vomiting center of the brain

112
Q

laxatives

A

relieve constipation and facilitate passage of feces through the lower GI tract

Medical Terminology (14 decks)

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