Chapter 12: Muscularskeletal System Flashcards
arthritis
inflammation of a joint, usually accompanied by pain, swelling, and stiffness
arthoplasty
surgery to reshape, reconstruct, or replace a diseased or damaged joint
articulation
connection between two bones, also called a joint
contraction
shortening or tightening of a muscle
musculoskeletal
pertaining to muscles and the skeleton
radiography
production of captured shadow images on photographic film through the action of ionizing radiation passing through the body from an external source
synovial fluid
lubricating fluid secreted by the synovial membrane in the joint
fasci/o
band, fascia
fibr/o
fiber, fibrous tissue
leiomy/o
smooth muscle
lumb/o
loins
muscul/o, my/o
muscle
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon
carp/o
carpus (wrist bones)
cervic/o
neck; cervix uteri
cost/o
ribs
crani/o
cranium
humer/o
humerus (upper arm bone)
metacarp/o
metacarpus (hand bones)
phalang/o
phalanges (bones of fingers and toes)
spondyl/o, verterbr/o
vertebra (backbone)
stern/o
sternum (breastbone)
calcane/o
calcaneum (heel bone)
femor/o
femur (thigh bone)
fibul/o
fibula (smaller, outer bone of lower leg)
patell/o
patella (kneecap)
pelv/i, pelv/o
pelvis
radi/o
radiation, x-ray
tibi/o
tibia (larger bone of lower leg)
ankyl/o
stiffness, bent, crooked
arthr/o
joint
chondr/o
cartilage
lamin/o
lamina (part of vertebral arch)
orth/o
straight
myel/o
bone marrow, spinal cord
oste/o
bone
-clasia
to break; surgical fracture
-clast
to break
-plegia
paralysis
-sarcoma
malignant tumor of connective tissue
dia-
through, across
peri-
around
muscular dystrophy (MD)
group of hereditary diseases characterized by progressive degeneration of the muscles, leading to increasing weakness and debilitation, including Duchenne dystrophy (most common form)
myasthenia gravis (MG)
autoimmune neuromuscular disorder characterized by progressive fatigue and severe muscle weakness, particularly evident with facial muscles and ptosis of the eyelids
rotator cuff injury
injury to the capsule of the shoulder joint, which is reinforced by muscles and tendons
sprain
trauma to a joint that causes injury to the surrounding ligament, accompanied by pain and disability, such as an eversion sprain that occurs when the foot is twisted outward
strain
trauma to a muscle from overuse or excessive forcible stretch
torticollis
spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles, causing stiffness and twisting of the neck
arthritis
inflammation of a joint with pain, swelling, and changes in structure
gouty
arthritis caused by excessive uric acid in the body, or gout
osteoarthritis
progressive, degenerative joint disease characterized by bone spurs and destruction of articular cartilage
bunion
deformity characterized by lateral deviation of the great toe as it turns in toward the second toe with an abnormal enlargement of the join at the base of the great toe
carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)
pain or numbness resulting form compression of the median nerve, within the carpal tunnel (wrist canal through which the flexor tendons and median nerve pass)
contracture
fibrosis of connective tissue in the skin, fascia, muscle, or joint capsule that prevents normal mobility of the related tissue or joint
crepitation
grating sound made by movement of bone ends rubbing together, indicating a fracture or joint destruction
Ewing sarcoma
malignant tumor that develops bone marrow, usually the long bones of the pelvis, and most commonly affecting adolescent boys
ganglion cyst
noncancerous, jellylike, fluid-filled lumps that most commonly develop along the tendons or joints of the wrists or hands, but may appear at feet
herniated disk
herniation or rupture of the nucleus pulposus between two vertebrae
osteomyelitis
infection that encompasses all bone components, including bone marrow
osteoporosis
decrease in bone density with an increase in porosity, causing bones to become brittle and increasing the risk of fractures
pagent disease
abnormal bone destruction and regrowth of either one or several bones at numerous sites that results in deformity
rickets
form of osteomalacia in children caused by vitamin D deficiency
sequestrum
fragment of necrosed bone that has become separated from surrounding tissue
talipes equinovarus
congenital deformity in which the great toe is angled laterally toward the other toes, or clubfoot
spinal curvatures
abnormal deviation of the spine from its normal position that results in a misalignment exaggeration in certain areas, as occurs in kyphosis, lordosis, and scoliosis
kyphosis
increased curvature of the thoracic region of the vertebral column, leading to a humpback posture
lordosis
forward curvature of the lumbar region of the vertebral column, leading into a swayback posture
scoliosis
abnormal sideward curvature of the spine to the left or right that eventually caused pain, disk disease, or arthritis
spondylitis
inflammation of one or more vertebrae
ankylosing spondylitis
chronic inflammatory disease of unknown orgin that first affects the spine and is characterized by fusion and loss of mobility of two or more vertebrae
spondylolisthesis
partial forward dislocation of one vertebra over the one below it, most commonly the fifth lumbar vertebra over the first scral verebra
subluxation
partial or incomplete dislocation of a bone from its normal location within a joint, causing loss of function of the joint
arthrocentesis
puncture of a joint space with a needle to obtain samples of synovial fluid for diagnostic purposes, instill medications, or remove accumulated purposes, instill medication, or remove accumulated fluid from joints to relieve pain
arthroscopy
visual examination of the interior of a joint and its structures using a thing, flexible, fiberoptic scope called an arthoscope, which contains a miniature camera and projects images on a monitor to guide instruments during procedures
arthroplasty
surgical reconstruction or replacement of a painful, degenerated joint to restore mobility in rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis or to correct a congential deformity
total hiparthroplasty
replacement of the femoral head and acetabulum with protheses that are fastened into the bone
sequestrectomy
excision of a sequestrum (segment of necrosed bone)
bone reabsorption
reduce the reabsorption of bones in treatment of weak and fragile bones as seen osteoporosis and Pageant disease
gold salts
treat rheumatoid arthritis inhibiting activity within the immune system and preventing further disease progression
muscle relaxants
relieve muscle spasms, pain, and stiffness
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)
relieve mild to moderate pain and reduce inflammation in treatment of musculoskeletal conditions and inflammatory disorders
