Chapter 10: Endocrine System Flashcards
homeostatsis
ability of the body to maintain a state of equilibrium within its internal environment
hormone
chemical substance produced by specialized cells of the body
metabolism
sum of all chemical an physicals processes occurring within living cells
aden/o
gland
adrenal/o, adren/o
adrenal glands
calc/o
calcium
gluc/o, glyc/o
sugar, sweetness
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
pituitar/o
pituitary gland
thym/o
thymus gland
thry/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
toxic/o
posion
hyper-
above normal
poly-
many/much
-crine
to secrete
-ism
condition
-toxic
poison
addison disease
hypo functioning of the adrenal cortex that results in generalized malaise, weakness, muscle atrophy, sever loss of fluids and electrolytes, low blood pressure, hypoglycemia, and hyperpigmentation of the skin
cushing syndrome
cluster of symptoms caused by excessive amounts of cortisol or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) circulating in blood, may result from the use of oral corticosteroid medication or caused by tumors that produces cortisol or ACTH
diabetes mellitus (DM)
group of metabolic diseases characterized by high glucose levels that result from defects in insulin secretion, action, or both that occur in 2 primary forms: type 1 or type 2
type 1 diabetes
abrupt onset of DM, usually in childhood, caused by destruction of the beta islet cells of the pancreas, with complete deficiency of insulin secretion that requires injection of insulin from one to several times a day to maintain normal blood glucose levels
type 2 diabetes
gradual onset of DM, usually appearing in middle age and caused by deficiency in the production of insulin or resistance to the action of insulin by the cells of the body
insulinoma
a rare, noncancerous tumor in the pancreas that produces too much insulin, causing low blood sugar
pancreatitis
inflation of the pancreas that occurs when pancreatic enzymes that digest food are activated, causing damage to the gland - caused by alcoholism and biliary tract disease
panhypopituitarism
total pituitary impairments that brings about a progressive and general loss of hormonal activity
pheochromocytoma
rare adrenal gland tumor that causes excessive release of epinephrine and norepinephrine sever blood pressure elevation
fasting blood glucose (FBG)
test that measures glucose levels in blood after the patient has fasted (not eaten) for 8 hours, used to diagnose pancreatic disorders
glucose tolerance test (GTT)
test in which a patient fasts for 8 to 12 hours and then ingests glucose, and blood samples are taken to determine how quickly the glucose is cleared from blood, used to diagnose diabetes
radioactive iodine uptake test (RAIU)
imaging procedure that measures levels of radioactivity in the thyroid after oral or intravenous administration of radioactive iodine, used to determine thyroid function
thyroid function test (TFT)
blood test that measures thyroid hormone levels to detect and increase or decrease of thyroid functin
total calcium
blood test that measures calcium to detect parathyroid and bone disorders
lobectomy
removal of one lobe in treatment of endocrine disease, such as hyperthyroidism
thymectomy
excision of the thymus gland in cases of myasthenia gravis or a tumor
transsphenoidal hypophysectomy
minimally invasive endoscopic surgery that removes pituitary tumors through the nasal cavity via the sphenoid sinus without affecting the brain
hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
synthetic hormone used to correct deficiency of estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, relive symptoms of menopause, and prevent osteoporosis in women
insulins
replace insulin in patients with type 1 diabetes or severe type 2 diabetes
oral antidiabetics
treat type 2 diabetes by stimulating the pancreas to produce more insulin or lower glucose levels in blood
