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Medical Terminology > Chapter 11: Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

cognition

A

process of thought, including reasoning, judgement, and perception

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2
Q

nerve impulse

A

electrical signal transmitted along the nerve fiber in response to a stimulus

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3
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemicals in the brain that transmit messages between nerve cells (neurons)

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4
Q

peripheral

A

pertaining to the outside, surface, or surrounding area of an organ or structure or occurring away from it’s center

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5
Q

tramatic

A

caused by or pertaining to an injury

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6
Q

vascular

A

pertaining to or composed of blood vessels

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7
Q

cerebr/o

A

cerebrum

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8
Q

encephal/o

A

brain

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9
Q

gli/o

A

glue, neuroglial tissue

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10
Q

mening/o, meningi/o

A

meninges (membranes covering brain and spinal cord)

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11
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow, spinal cord

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12
Q

neru/o

A

nerve

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13
Q

-lepsy

A

seizure

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14
Q

-phasia

A

speech

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15
Q

dys-

A

bad, painful, difficult

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16
Q

hemi-

A

one half

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17
Q

para-

A

near, beside, beyond

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18
Q

quadri-

A

four

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19
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

degenerative disorder that manifests in adulthood with symptoms of difficulty swallowing and taking, dyspnea, muscle weakness, and paralysis

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20
Q

dementia

A

progressive, irreversible deterioration of mental function marked by memory impairment and, commonly, deficits in reasoning, judgement, abstract thought, comprehension, learning, task execution, and use of language

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21
Q

alzheimer disease

A

chronic, organic brain syndrome characterized by death of neurons in the cerebral cortex and their replacement by microscopic “plagues”, resulting in dementia that progresses to complete loss of mental, emotional, and physical functioning and personality changes

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22
Q

epilepsy

A

disorder that results from the generation of electrical signals inside the brain, causing recurring seizures in which some people simply stare blankly for a few seconds during a seizure, whereas others have severe convulsions

23
Q

Huntington disease

A

inherited, degenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) with symptoms developing in middle age as nerve cells in the brain waste away, resulting in uncontrolled bizarre movements, emotional disturbances, and mental deterioration

24
Q

hydrocephalus

A

excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) within the ventricles of the brain that is most common in neonates, but can also occur in adults as a result of injury or disease, if left untreated, causes an enlarged head and cognitive decline

25
Q

multiple sclerosis (MS)

A

progressive degenerative disease of the CNS, which is characterized by inflammation, hardening, and loos of myelin throughout the spinal cord and brain and produces weakness and other muscular symptoms

26
Q

nueroblastoma

A

malingant tumor composed mainly of cells resembling neuroblast that occurs most commonly in infants and children

27
Q

neurosis

A

nonpsychotic mental illness that triggers feelings of distress and anxiety and impairs normal behavior

28
Q

palsy

A

partial or complete loss of motor function, also called paralysis

29
Q

bell palsy

A

facial paralysis on one side of the face as a result of inflammation of a facial nerve

30
Q

cerebral palsy

A

bilateral, symmetrical, nonprogressive motor dysfunction and partial paralysis, which is usually caused by damage to the cerebrum during gestation or birth trauma but can also be hereditary

31
Q

paralysis

A

loss of muscle function, loss of sensation, or both as a result of spinal cord injury

32
Q

parkinson disease

A

progressive neurological disorder caused by neurotransmitter deficiency of dopamine that results in motor disturbances and other characteristics

33
Q

poliomyelitis

A

inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, commonly resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis

34
Q

psychosis

A

mental disorder marked by loss of contact with reality, often delusions and hallucinations

35
Q

sciatica

A

severe pain in the leg along the course of the sciatic nerve, which travels from the hip to see the foot

36
Q

shingles

A

chronic viral disease in which painful blisters appear on the skin along the course of a peripheral nerve and is caused by inflammation secondary to herpes zoster virus, the same virus that caused chickenpox

37
Q

spina bifida

A

congenital neural tube defect characterized by incomplete closure of the spinal canal through which the spinal cord and meninges may or may not protrude

38
Q

spina bifida occulta

A

most common and least severe form of spina bifida without protrusion of the spinal cord or meninges

39
Q

spina bifida cystica

A

more severe type of spina bifida involves protrusion of the meninges, spinal cord, or both

40
Q

stroke

A

inadequate supply of blood and oxygen and the brain caused by a clot or ruptured blood vessel, allowing the brain tissue to die, it is a medical emergency

41
Q

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

A

interruption in blood supply to the brain that does not cause permanent brain damage but may be an indication of a higher risk or more serious and debilitating condition (stroke), or ministroke

42
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis

A

laboratory test that examines a sample of CSF obtained through a lumbar puncture, and is analyzed for the presence of blood, bacteria, and malignant cells as well as the presence of protein and glucose

43
Q

electroencephalography (EEG)

A

electrodes are placed on the scalp to record electrical activity within the brain, used to evaluate seizure and sleep disorders, monitor brain surgeries, and determine whether a person is in a coma or brain dead

44
Q

lumbar puncture (LP)

A

insertion of a needle into the subarachnoid space of the spinal column to withdraw a sample of CSF used for biochemical, microbiological, and cytological laboratoryA analysis

45
Q

craniotomy

A

surgical procedure that creates an opening in the skull to gain access to the brain during neurosurgical procedures

46
Q

thalamotomy

A

partial destruction of the thalamus to treat psychosis or intractable pain

47
Q

trephination

A

excision of a circular disk of bone by using a specialized saw, called a trephine, to reveal brain tissue during neurosurgery or to relieve intracranial pressure (ICP)

48
Q

anesthetics

A

procedure partial or complete loss of sensation with or without loss of consciousness

49
Q

general anesthetics

A

produce complete loss of feeling with loss of consciousness

50
Q

local anesthetics

A

produce loss of feeling and affect a local are only

51
Q

anticonvulsants

A

prevent or control seizures

52
Q

antiparkinsonian agents

A

reduce signs and symptoms associated with Parkinson disease

53
Q

antipsychotics

A

alter neurotransmitters in the brain to alleviate symptoms of delusions and hallucinations

54
Q

thrombolytics

A

dissolve blood clots in a process known as thrombolysis

Medical Terminology (16 decks)

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