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Medical Terminology > Chapter 9- Endocrine System > Flashcards

Chapter 9- Endocrine System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Aden/o

A

Gland

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2
Q

Arden/o, adrenal/o

A

Adrenal gland

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3
Q

Andr/o

A

Male

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4
Q

Crin/o

A

To secrete

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5
Q

Dips/o

A

Thirst

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6
Q

Gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o

A

Glucose (sugar)

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7
Q

Hormon/o

A

Hormone (an urging on)

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8
Q

Ket/o, keton/o

A

Ketone bodies

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9
Q

Pancreat/o

A

Pancreas

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10
Q

Thym/o

A

Thymus gland

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11
Q

Thyr/o, thyroid/o

A

Thyroid gland

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12
Q

Located on the superior surface of each kidney

A

Adrenal gland

Suprarenal glands

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13
Q

Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex

A

Steroid hormones

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14
Q

Regulate carbohydrate metabolism and have anti inflammatory effects

A

Glucocorticoids

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15
Q

Maintain salt and water balance

A

Mineral corticosteroids

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16
Q

Influence development and maintenance of male sex characteristics

A

Androgen

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17
Q

Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response

A

Catecholamines

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18
Q

Secreted in response to fear or physical injury

A

Epinephrine, adrenaline

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19
Q

Secreted in response to hypotension and physical stress

A

Norepinephrine

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20
Q

Located on both sides of the uterus in the female pelvis, secrete estrogen and progesterone

A

Ovaries

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21
Q

Responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics

A

Estrogen

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22
Q

Regulates uterine conditions during pregnancy

A

Progesterone

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23
Q

Endocrine tissue within the pancreas

A

Islets of langerhans of the pancreas

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24
Q

A hormone secret by the beta cells of the islets of langerhans that is responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose

A

Insulin

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25
Q

A hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans that serves to regulate carbohydrate metabolism by raising blood sugar

A

Glucagon

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26
Q

Two paired glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck

A

Parathyroid gland

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27
Q

Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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28
Q

Located in the center of the brain, regulates melatonin and serotonin

A

Pineal gland

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29
Q

Exact function unknown, affects the onset of puberty

A

Melatonin

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30
Q

A neurotransmitter that serves as the precursor to melatonin

A

Serotonin

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31
Q

Located at the base of the brain, considered the master gland as it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands

A

Pituitary gland, hypophysis

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32
Q

Anterior love of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior pituitary gland, adenohypophysis

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33
Q

Stimulates secretion from thyroid gland

A

Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)

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34
Q

Stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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35
Q

Initiates the growth of ovarian follicle

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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36
Q

Causes ovulation

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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37
Q

Affects skin pigment

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)

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38
Q

Influences growth

A

Growth hormone (GH)

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39
Q

Stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy

A

Prolactin, lactogenic hormone

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40
Q

Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

A

Posterior pituitary, neurohypophysis

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41
Q

Influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules

A

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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42
Q

Influences uterine contraction

A

Oxytocin

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43
Q

Located on both sides within the scrotum in the males

A

Testes

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44
Q

Affects masculinization and reproduction

A

Testosterone

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45
Q

Located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart, secretes thymosin

A

Thymus gland

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46
Q

Regulates immune response

A

Thymosin

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47
Q

Located in front of the neck, secretes triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and calcitonin

A

Thyroid gland

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48
Q

Known as the thyroid hormones, regulate metabolism

A

Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4)

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49
Q

Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism

A

Calcitonin

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50
Q

Protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball.

A

Exophthalmos, expohthalmus

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51
Q

Glucose in the urine

A

Glucosuria, glycosuria

52
Q

An excessive growth of hair, especially in unusual places

A

Hirsutism

53
Q

An abnormally high level of calcium in the blood

A

Hypercalcemia

54
Q

A abnormal low level of calcium in the blood

A

Hypocalcemia

55
Q

High blood sugar

A

Hyperglycemia

56
Q

Low blood sugar

A

Hypoglycemia

57
Q

An abnormally high level of potassium in the blood

A

Hyperkalemia

58
Q

Deficient level of potassium in the blood

A

Hypokalemia

59
Q

Abnormally increased secretion

A

Hypersecretion

60
Q

Abnormally decreased secretion

A

Hyposecretion

61
Q

Presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates such as in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation

A

Ketosis, ketoacidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)

62
Q

All chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, and other body functions

A

Metabolism

63
Q

Excessive thirst

A

Polydipsia

64
Q

Excessive urination

A

Polyuria

65
Q

A collection of signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone, symptoms include upper body obesity, facial puffiness, hyperglycemia, weakness, thin and easily bruised skin with stria, hypertension, and osteoporosis

A

Cushing syndrome

66
Q

Excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen in adult women caused by a tumor or hyperplasia

A

Adrenal virilism

67
Q

Metabolic disorder caused by the absence or insufficient production of insulin secreted by the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and glucosuria

A

Diabetes mellitus (DM)

68
Q

Diabetes in which no beta-cell production of insulin occurs and the patient is dependent on insulin for survival

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

69
Q

Diabetes in which either the body produces insufficient insulin or insulin resistance occurs

A

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

70
Q

A condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream resulting in hypoglycemia, fainting and convulsions

A

Hyerinsulinism

71
Q

Inflammation of the pancreas

A

Pancreatitis

72
Q

Hyper secretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor

A

Hyperparathyroidism

73
Q

Hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands

A

Hypoparathyroidism

74
Q

Disease characterized by enlarging features, especially of the face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary growth hormone after puberty when normal bone growth has stopped

A

Acromegaly

75
Q

A condition of congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone that slows growth and causes short, yet proportionate, stature

A

Pituitary dwarfism

76
Q

A condition of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones

A

Pituitary gigantism

77
Q

Enlargement of the thyroid gland cause by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation

A

Goiter

78
Q

A condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by nervousness, weight loss, rapid pulse, protrusion of the eyeballs, goiter, etc.

A

Hyperthyroidism

79
Q

The most common form of hyperthyroidism, caused by an autoimmune deficit that creates antibodies that stimulate the overproduction of thyroid hormones

A

Graves disease

80
Q

A condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness slow pulse and often obesity

A

Hypothyroidism

81
Q

Advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands and the face, and dry skin

A

Myxedema

82
Q

Condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature

A

Cretinism

83
Q

measurement if the level of sugar in the blood

A

Blood sugar (BS), blood glucose

84
Q

Measurement of blood sugar levels after fasting for 12 hours

A

Fasting blood glucose (FBG)

85
Q

Measurement of blood sugar level after a meal

A

Postprandial blood sugar (PPBS)

86
Q

Measurement of the body’s ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose aft a fasting period, then measuring blood and urine for glucose levels every hour thereafter for 4 to 6 hours

A

Glucose tolerance test (GTT)

87
Q

A molecule in hemoglobin, the levels of which rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar

A

Glycohemogobin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc)

88
Q

Measurement of the level of specific ions along with carbon dioxide in the blood

A

Electrolyte panel

89
Q

Measurement of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determine the efficiency of glandular secretions

A

Thyroid function study

90
Q

Chemical tests to determine the presence of sugar or ketone bodies in urine

A

Urine sugar and ketone studies

91
Q

Used to obtain a transverse view of the pituitary gland

A

Computed tomography (CT)

92
Q

Nonionizing images of magnetic resonance are useful in identifying abnormalities of the pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, and thyroid glands

A

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

93
Q

Images used to identify endocrine pathology, such as with thyroid ultrasound

A

Sonography

94
Q

Radionuclide scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previously injected isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors

A

Thyroid uptake and image

95
Q

Excision of the adrenal gland

A

Adrenalectomy

96
Q

Excision of the pituitary gland

A

Hypophysectomy

97
Q

Excision of the pancreas

A

Pancreatectomy

98
Q

Excision of the parathyroid gland

A

Parathyroidectomy

99
Q

Excision of the thymus gland

A

Thymectomy

100
Q

Excision of the thyroid gland

A

Thyroidectomy

101
Q

Use of an insulin delivery that is worn on the body and subcutaneously infuses doses of insulin programmed according to individual needs of the diabetic patient

A

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSH), insulin pump therapy

102
Q

Use of radioactive iodine to treat disease, such as to eradicate thyroid tumor cells

A

Radioiodine therapy

103
Q

Treatment with a hormone to correct a hormonal deficiency

A

Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

104
Q

A drug that lowers the blood glucose level

A

Hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic

105
Q

ACTH

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

106
Q

ADH

A

Antidiuretic hormone

107
Q

BS

A

Blood sugar

108
Q

CO2

A

Carbon dioxide

109
Q

CSH

A

Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion

110
Q

CT

A

Computed tomography

111
Q

DKA

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

112
Q

DM

A

Diabetes mellitus

113
Q

FBS

A

Fasting blood glucose

114
Q

FSH

A

Follicle-stimulating hormone

115
Q

GH

A

Growth hormone

116
Q

GTT

A

Glucose tolerance test

117
Q

HbAlc

A

Glycosylated hemoglobin

118
Q

HRT

A

Hormone replacement therapy

119
Q

LH

A

Luteinizing hormone

120
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

121
Q

MSH

A

Melanocyte-stimulating hormone

122
Q

PPBS

A

Postprandial blood sugar

123
Q

PTH

A

Parathyroid hormone

124
Q

T3

A

Triiodothyronine

125
Q

T4

A

Thyroxine

126
Q

TSH

A

Thyroid stimulating hormone

Medical Terminology (14 decks)

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