Chapter 9- Endocrine System Flashcards
Aden/o
Gland
Arden/o, adrenal/o
Adrenal gland
Andr/o
Male
Crin/o
To secrete
Dips/o
Thirst
Gluc/o, glucos/o, glyc/o
Glucose (sugar)
Hormon/o
Hormone (an urging on)
Ket/o, keton/o
Ketone bodies
Pancreat/o
Pancreas
Thym/o
Thymus gland
Thyr/o, thyroid/o
Thyroid gland
Located on the superior surface of each kidney
Adrenal gland
Suprarenal glands
Hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex
Steroid hormones
Regulate carbohydrate metabolism and have anti inflammatory effects
Glucocorticoids
Maintain salt and water balance
Mineral corticosteroids
Influence development and maintenance of male sex characteristics
Androgen
Hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla that affect the sympathetic nervous system in stress response
Catecholamines
Secreted in response to fear or physical injury
Epinephrine, adrenaline
Secreted in response to hypotension and physical stress
Norepinephrine
Located on both sides of the uterus in the female pelvis, secrete estrogen and progesterone
Ovaries
Responsible for the development of female secondary sex characteristics
Estrogen
Regulates uterine conditions during pregnancy
Progesterone
Endocrine tissue within the pancreas
Islets of langerhans of the pancreas
A hormone secret by the beta cells of the islets of langerhans that is responsible for regulating the metabolism of glucose
Insulin
A hormone secreted by the alpha cells of the islets of langerhans that serves to regulate carbohydrate metabolism by raising blood sugar
Glucagon
Two paired glands located on the posterior aspect of the thyroid gland in the neck
Parathyroid gland
Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Located in the center of the brain, regulates melatonin and serotonin
Pineal gland
Exact function unknown, affects the onset of puberty
Melatonin
A neurotransmitter that serves as the precursor to melatonin
Serotonin
Located at the base of the brain, considered the master gland as it secretes hormones that regulate the function of other glands
Pituitary gland, hypophysis
Anterior love of the pituitary gland
Anterior pituitary gland, adenohypophysis
Stimulates secretion from thyroid gland
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Initiates the growth of ovarian follicle
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Causes ovulation
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Affects skin pigment
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
Influences growth
Growth hormone (GH)
Stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy
Prolactin, lactogenic hormone
Posterior lobe of the pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary, neurohypophysis
Influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Influences uterine contraction
Oxytocin
Located on both sides within the scrotum in the males
Testes
Affects masculinization and reproduction
Testosterone
Located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart, secretes thymosin
Thymus gland
Regulates immune response
Thymosin
Located in front of the neck, secretes triiodothyronine, thyroxine, and calcitonin
Thyroid gland
Known as the thyroid hormones, regulate metabolism
Triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4)
Regulates calcium and phosphorus metabolism
Calcitonin
Protrusion of one or both eyeballs, often because of thyroid dysfunction or a tumor behind the eyeball.
Exophthalmos, expohthalmus
Glucose in the urine
Glucosuria, glycosuria
An excessive growth of hair, especially in unusual places
Hirsutism
An abnormally high level of calcium in the blood
Hypercalcemia
A abnormal low level of calcium in the blood
Hypocalcemia
High blood sugar
Hyperglycemia
Low blood sugar
Hypoglycemia
An abnormally high level of potassium in the blood
Hyperkalemia
Deficient level of potassium in the blood
Hypokalemia
Abnormally increased secretion
Hypersecretion
Abnormally decreased secretion
Hyposecretion
Presence of an abnormal amount of ketone bodies in the blood and urine indicating an abnormal use of carbohydrates such as in uncontrolled diabetes and starvation
Ketosis, ketoacidosis, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
All chemical processes in the body that result in growth, generation of energy, elimination of waste, and other body functions
Metabolism
Excessive thirst
Polydipsia
Excessive urination
Polyuria
A collection of signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone, symptoms include upper body obesity, facial puffiness, hyperglycemia, weakness, thin and easily bruised skin with stria, hypertension, and osteoporosis
Cushing syndrome
Excessive output of the adrenal secretion of androgen in adult women caused by a tumor or hyperplasia
Adrenal virilism
Metabolic disorder caused by the absence or insufficient production of insulin secreted by the pancreas, resulting in hyperglycemia and glucosuria
Diabetes mellitus (DM)
Diabetes in which no beta-cell production of insulin occurs and the patient is dependent on insulin for survival
Type 1 diabetes mellitus
Diabetes in which either the body produces insufficient insulin or insulin resistance occurs
Type 2 diabetes mellitus
A condition resulting from an excessive amount of insulin in the blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream resulting in hypoglycemia, fainting and convulsions
Hyerinsulinism
Inflammation of the pancreas
Pancreatitis
Hyper secretion of the parathyroid glands, usually caused by a tumor
Hyperparathyroidism
Hyposecretion of the parathyroid glands
Hypoparathyroidism
Disease characterized by enlarging features, especially of the face and hands, caused by hypersecretion of the pituitary growth hormone after puberty when normal bone growth has stopped
Acromegaly
A condition of congenital hyposecretion of growth hormone that slows growth and causes short, yet proportionate, stature
Pituitary dwarfism
A condition of hypersecretion of growth hormone during childhood bone development that leads to an abnormal overgrowth of bone, especially of the long bones
Pituitary gigantism
Enlargement of the thyroid gland cause by thyroid dysfunction, tumor, lack of iodine in the diet, or inflammation
Goiter
A condition of hypersecretion of the thyroid gland characterized by nervousness, weight loss, rapid pulse, protrusion of the eyeballs, goiter, etc.
Hyperthyroidism
The most common form of hyperthyroidism, caused by an autoimmune deficit that creates antibodies that stimulate the overproduction of thyroid hormones
Graves disease
A condition of hyposecretion of the thyroid gland causing low thyroid levels in the blood that result in sluggishness slow pulse and often obesity
Hypothyroidism
Advanced hypothyroidism in adults characterized by sluggishness, slow pulse, puffiness in the hands and the face, and dry skin
Myxedema
Condition of congenital hypothyroidism in children that results in a lack of mental development and dwarfed physical stature
Cretinism
measurement if the level of sugar in the blood
Blood sugar (BS), blood glucose
Measurement of blood sugar levels after fasting for 12 hours
Fasting blood glucose (FBG)
Measurement of blood sugar level after a meal
Postprandial blood sugar (PPBS)
Measurement of the body’s ability to metabolize carbohydrates by administering a prescribed amount of glucose aft a fasting period, then measuring blood and urine for glucose levels every hour thereafter for 4 to 6 hours
Glucose tolerance test (GTT)
A molecule in hemoglobin, the levels of which rises in the blood as a result of an increased level of blood sugar
Glycohemogobin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbAlc)
Measurement of the level of specific ions along with carbon dioxide in the blood
Electrolyte panel
Measurement of thyroid hormone levels in blood plasma to determine the efficiency of glandular secretions
Thyroid function study
Chemical tests to determine the presence of sugar or ketone bodies in urine
Urine sugar and ketone studies
Used to obtain a transverse view of the pituitary gland
Computed tomography (CT)
Nonionizing images of magnetic resonance are useful in identifying abnormalities of the pituitary gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, and thyroid glands
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Images used to identify endocrine pathology, such as with thyroid ultrasound
Sonography
Radionuclide scan of the thyroid to visualize the radioactive accumulation of previously injected isotopes to detect thyroid nodules or tumors
Thyroid uptake and image
Excision of the adrenal gland
Adrenalectomy
Excision of the pituitary gland
Hypophysectomy
Excision of the pancreas
Pancreatectomy
Excision of the parathyroid gland
Parathyroidectomy
Excision of the thymus gland
Thymectomy
Excision of the thyroid gland
Thyroidectomy
Use of an insulin delivery that is worn on the body and subcutaneously infuses doses of insulin programmed according to individual needs of the diabetic patient
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSH), insulin pump therapy
Use of radioactive iodine to treat disease, such as to eradicate thyroid tumor cells
Radioiodine therapy
Treatment with a hormone to correct a hormonal deficiency
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
A drug that lowers the blood glucose level
Hypoglycemic, antihyperglycemic
ACTH
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
ADH
Antidiuretic hormone
BS
Blood sugar
CO2
Carbon dioxide
CSH
Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion
CT
Computed tomography
DKA
Diabetic ketoacidosis
DM
Diabetes mellitus
FBS
Fasting blood glucose
FSH
Follicle-stimulating hormone
GH
Growth hormone
GTT
Glucose tolerance test
HbAlc
Glycosylated hemoglobin
HRT
Hormone replacement therapy
LH
Luteinizing hormone
MRI
Magnetic resonance imaging
MSH
Melanocyte-stimulating hormone
PPBS
Postprandial blood sugar
PTH
Parathyroid hormone
T3
Triiodothyronine
T4
Thyroxine
TSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
