Chapter 4- Musculoskeletal System Flashcards
ankyl/o
crooked or stiff
arthr/o, articul/o
joint
brachi/o
arm
cervic/o
neck
chondr/o
cartilage
cost/o
rib
crani/o
skull
dactyl/o
digit
fasci/o
fascia
femor/o
femur
fibr/o
fiber
kyph/o
humped-back
lei/o
smooth
lord/o
bent
lumb/o
loin
my/o, myos/o, muscul/o
muscle
myel/o
bone marrow or spinal cord
oste/o
bone
patell/o
kneecap
pelv/i
pelvis or hip bone
radi/o
radius
rhabd/o
rod-shaped or striated
sarc/o
flesh
scoli/o
twisted
spondyl/o
vertebra
vertebr/o
vertebra
stern/o
sternum
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon
thorac/o
chest
ton/o
tone or tension
uln/o
ulna
bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities
appendicular skeleton
bones of the skull, vertebral column, chest and hyoid bone
axial skeleton
tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones
compact bone
mesh-like tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity
spongy bone, cancellous bone
bones of the arms and legs
long bones
bones of the wrist and ankles
short bones
bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull
flat bones
bones of the vertebrae and face
irregular bones
round bones found near joints
sesamoid bones
wide ends of a long bone
epiphysis
shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone
metaphysis
membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone
endosteum
cavity within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow
medullary cavity
soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones
bone marrow
functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells and platelets
red bone marrow
gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells
yellow bone marrow
a fibrous vascular membrane that covers the bone
periosteum
a gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate
articular cartilage
a joint; the point where two bones come together
articulation
a fibrous sac between certian tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid
bursa
a flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue between the vertebrae that reduces friction
disk or disc
the soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disk
nucleus pulposus
a flexable band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone
ligament
membrane lining the capsule of a joint
synovial membrane
joint-lubricating fluid the capsule of a joint
synovial fluid
tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body
muscle
voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton
striated muscle, skeletal muscle
involuntary muscle found in internal organs
smooth muscle
muscle of the heart
cardiac muscle
muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
origin of a muscle
muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts
insertion of a muscle
a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
tendon
a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle
fascia
a term of reference that health professionals use when noting body planes, positions, or directions
anatomic or anatomical position
reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts
body planes
vertical division of body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
coronal planes, frontal plane
vertical division of the body into right and left portions
sagittal plane
horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions
transverse plane
front of the body
anterior (A), ventral
back of the body
posterior (P), dorsal
from front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam
anterior-posterior (AP)
from back to front, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam
posterior-anterior (PA)
situated above another structure, toward the head
superior, cephalic
situated below another structure, away from the head
inferior, caudal
toward the beginning or origin of a structure
proximal
away from the beginning or origin of a structure
distal
toward the middle
medial
toward the side
lateral
the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part
axis
normal standing position
erect
lying down, especially in a bed
decubitus
lying face down and flat
prone
lying down
recumbent
horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back
supine
bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased
flexion
straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones in increased
extension
movement away from the body
abduction
movement toward the body
adduction
circular motion around an axis
rotation
turning outward
eversion
turning inward
inversion
turning of the palmar surface or plantar surface upward or forward
supination
turning of the palmar surface or plantar surface downward or backward
pronation
bending of the foot or toes upward
dorsiflexion
bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground
plantar flexion
total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements
range of motion (ROM)
instrument used to measure joint angles
goniometer
joint pain
arthralgia
shrinking of muscle size
atrophy
grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or broken bones
crepitation, crepitus
a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage
exostosis
flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone
flaccid
increase in the size of tissue, such as muscle
hypertrophy
reduced muscle tone or tension
hypotonia
muscle pain
myalgia, myodynia
bone pain
ostealgia, osteodynia
stiffness; stiff muscle
rigor, rigidity
drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle
spasm
uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements
spastic
tension; prolonged continuous muscle contraction
tetany
shaking; rhythmic muscular movements
tremor
stiff joint condition
ankylosis
inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion
arthritis
most common form of arthritis affecting the weight bearing joints, characterized by the erosion of artificial cartilage
osteoarthritis (OA), degenerative arthritis, degenerative joint disease (DJD)
most crippling form of arthritis; characterized by chronic systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes and causing ankylosis and deformity
rheumatoid arthritis
acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joint, caused by hyperuricemia
gouty arthritis
bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture
bony necrosis, sequestrum
swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa
bunion
inflammation of the bursa
bursitis
softening of cartilage
chondromalacia
inflamation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone
epiphysitis
broken or cracked bone
fracture (Fx)
broken bone with no open wound
closed fracture
compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound
open fracture
non displaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair
simple fracture
displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair
complex fracture
the line of the break in a broken bone
fracture line
broken in many small pieces
comminuted fracture
bending and incomplete break of a bone
greenstick fracture
pronated of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
herniated disk
bone marrow tumor
myeloma
inflammation of muscle
myositis
muscle tumor
myoma
smooth muscle tumor
leiomyoma
malignant smooth muscle tumor
leiomyosarcoma
skeletal muscle tumor
rhabdomyosarcoma
a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles
muscular dystrophy
bone tumor
osteoma
type of malignant bone tumor
osteosarcoma
disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency
osteomalacia
osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity
rickets
infection of bone and bone marrow, causing inflammation
osteomyelitis
condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and to fracture more easily
osteoporosis
curvatures of the spine
spinal curvatures
abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine
kyphosis
abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine
lordosis
abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
scoliosis
forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra
spondylolisthesis
stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae caused by joint degeneration
spondylosis
injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture
sprain
partial dislocation
subluxation
inflammation of a tendon
tendinitis, tendonitis
an artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used to improve a body function, such as an artificial limb, hip, or joint
prosthesis
a drug that relieves pain
analgesic
a potent analgesic with addictive properties
narcotic
a drug that reduces inflammation
antiinflammatory
a group of drugs with analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic properties
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID)
A
anterior
AKA
above-knee amputation
AP
anterior-posterior
BKA
below-knee amputation
CAT
computed axial tomography
CT
computed tomography
DJD
degenerative joint disorder
EMG
electromyogram
Fx
fracture
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
NSAID
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug
OA
osteoarthritis
ORIF
open reduction, internal fixation
P
posterior
PA
posterior-anterior
PT
physical therapy
RA
rheumatoid arthritis
ROM
range of motion
Tx
traction
