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Medical Terminology > Chapter 4- Musculoskeletal System > Flashcards

Chapter 4- Musculoskeletal System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

ankyl/o

A

crooked or stiff

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2
Q

arthr/o, articul/o

A

joint

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3
Q

brachi/o

A

arm

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4
Q

cervic/o

A

neck

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5
Q

chondr/o

A

cartilage

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6
Q

cost/o

A

rib

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7
Q

crani/o

A

skull

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8
Q

dactyl/o

A

digit

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9
Q

fasci/o

A

fascia

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10
Q

femor/o

A

femur

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11
Q

fibr/o

A

fiber

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12
Q

kyph/o

A

humped-back

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13
Q

lei/o

A

smooth

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14
Q

lord/o

A

bent

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15
Q

lumb/o

A

loin

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16
Q

my/o, myos/o, muscul/o

A

muscle

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17
Q

myel/o

A

bone marrow or spinal cord

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18
Q

oste/o

A

bone

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19
Q

patell/o

A

kneecap

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20
Q

pelv/i

A

pelvis or hip bone

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21
Q

radi/o

A

radius

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22
Q

rhabd/o

A

rod-shaped or striated

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23
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh

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24
Q

scoli/o

A

twisted

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25
Q

spondyl/o

A

vertebra

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26
Q

vertebr/o

A

vertebra

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27
Q

stern/o

A

sternum

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28
Q

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

A

tendon

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29
Q

thorac/o

A

chest

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30
Q

ton/o

A

tone or tension

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31
Q

uln/o

A

ulna

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32
Q

bones of the shoulder, pelvis, and upper and lower extremities

A

appendicular skeleton

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33
Q

bones of the skull, vertebral column, chest and hyoid bone

A

axial skeleton

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34
Q

tightly solid bone tissue that forms the exterior of bones

A

compact bone

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35
Q

mesh-like tissue found in the interior of bones, and surrounding the medullary cavity

A

spongy bone, cancellous bone

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36
Q

bones of the arms and legs

A

long bones

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37
Q

bones of the wrist and ankles

A

short bones

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38
Q

bones of the ribs, shoulder blades, pelvis, and skull

A

flat bones

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39
Q

bones of the vertebrae and face

A

irregular bones

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40
Q

round bones found near joints

A

sesamoid bones

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41
Q

wide ends of a long bone

A

epiphysis

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42
Q

shaft of a long bone

A

diaphysis

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43
Q

growth zone between the epiphysis and the diaphysis during development of a long bone

A

metaphysis

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44
Q

membrane lining the medullary cavity of a bone

A

endosteum

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45
Q

cavity within the shaft of the long bones; filled with bone marrow

A

medullary cavity

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46
Q

soft connective tissue within the medullary cavity of bones

A

bone marrow

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47
Q

functions to form red blood cells, some white blood cells and platelets

A

red bone marrow

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48
Q

gradually replaces red bone marrow in adult bones; functions as storage for fat tissue and is inactive in the formation of blood cells

A

yellow bone marrow

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49
Q

a fibrous vascular membrane that covers the bone

A

periosteum

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50
Q

a gristle-like substance on bones where they articulate

A

articular cartilage

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51
Q

a joint; the point where two bones come together

A

articulation

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52
Q

a fibrous sac between certian tendons and bones that is lined with a synovial membrane that secretes synovial fluid

A

bursa

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53
Q

a flat, plate-like structure composed of fibrocartilaginous tissue between the vertebrae that reduces friction

A

disk or disc

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54
Q

the soft, fibrocartilaginous, central portion of intervertebral disk

A

nucleus pulposus

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55
Q

a flexable band of fibrous tissue that connects bone to bone

A

ligament

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56
Q

membrane lining the capsule of a joint

A

synovial membrane

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57
Q

joint-lubricating fluid the capsule of a joint

A

synovial fluid

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58
Q

tissue composed of fibers that can contract, causing movement of an organ or part of the body

A

muscle

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59
Q

voluntary muscle attached to the skeleton

A

striated muscle, skeletal muscle

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60
Q

involuntary muscle found in internal organs

A

smooth muscle

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61
Q

muscle of the heart

A

cardiac muscle

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62
Q

muscle end attached to the bone that does not move when the muscle contracts

A

origin of a muscle

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63
Q

muscle end attached to the bone that moves when the muscle contracts

A

insertion of a muscle

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64
Q

a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone

A

tendon

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65
Q

a band or sheet of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, and separates muscle

A

fascia

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66
Q

a term of reference that health professionals use when noting body planes, positions, or directions

A

anatomic or anatomical position

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67
Q

reference planes for indicating the location or direction of body parts

A

body planes

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68
Q

vertical division of body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions

A

coronal planes, frontal plane

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69
Q

vertical division of the body into right and left portions

A

sagittal plane

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70
Q

horizontal division of the body into upper and lower portions

A

transverse plane

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71
Q

front of the body

A

anterior (A), ventral

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72
Q

back of the body

A

posterior (P), dorsal

73
Q

from front to back, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam

A

anterior-posterior (AP)

74
Q

from back to front, as in reference to the direction of an x-ray beam

A

posterior-anterior (PA)

75
Q

situated above another structure, toward the head

A

superior, cephalic

76
Q

situated below another structure, away from the head

A

inferior, caudal

77
Q

toward the beginning or origin of a structure

A

proximal

78
Q

away from the beginning or origin of a structure

A

distal

79
Q

toward the middle

A

medial

80
Q

toward the side

A

lateral

81
Q

the imaginary line that runs through the center of the body or a body part

A

axis

82
Q

normal standing position

A

erect

83
Q

lying down, especially in a bed

A

decubitus

84
Q

lying face down and flat

A

prone

85
Q

lying down

A

recumbent

86
Q

horizontal recumbent; lying flat on the back

A

supine

87
Q

bending at the joint so that the angle between the bones is decreased

A

flexion

88
Q

straightening at the joint so that the angle between the bones in increased

A

extension

89
Q

movement away from the body

A

abduction

90
Q

movement toward the body

A

adduction

91
Q

circular motion around an axis

A

rotation

92
Q

turning outward

A

eversion

93
Q

turning inward

A

inversion

94
Q

turning of the palmar surface or plantar surface upward or forward

A

supination

95
Q

turning of the palmar surface or plantar surface downward or backward

A

pronation

96
Q

bending of the foot or toes upward

A

dorsiflexion

97
Q

bending of the sole of the foot by curling the toes toward the ground

A

plantar flexion

98
Q

total motion possible in a joint, described by the terms related to body movements

A

range of motion (ROM)

99
Q

instrument used to measure joint angles

A

goniometer

100
Q

joint pain

A

arthralgia

101
Q

shrinking of muscle size

A

atrophy

102
Q

grating sound sometimes made by the movement of a joint or broken bones

A

crepitation, crepitus

103
Q

a projection arising from a bone that develops from cartilage

A

exostosis

104
Q

flabby, relaxed, or having defective or absent muscle tone

A

flaccid

105
Q

increase in the size of tissue, such as muscle

A

hypertrophy

106
Q

reduced muscle tone or tension

A

hypotonia

107
Q

muscle pain

A

myalgia, myodynia

108
Q

bone pain

A

ostealgia, osteodynia

109
Q

stiffness; stiff muscle

A

rigor, rigidity

110
Q

drawing in; involuntary contraction of muscle

A

spasm

111
Q

uncontrolled contractions of skeletal muscles, causing stiff and awkward movements

A

spastic

112
Q

tension; prolonged continuous muscle contraction

A

tetany

113
Q

shaking; rhythmic muscular movements

A

tremor

114
Q

stiff joint condition

A

ankylosis

115
Q

inflammation of the joints characterized by pain, swelling, redness, warmth, and limitation of motion

A

arthritis

116
Q

most common form of arthritis affecting the weight bearing joints, characterized by the erosion of artificial cartilage

A

osteoarthritis (OA), degenerative arthritis, degenerative joint disease (DJD)

117
Q

most crippling form of arthritis; characterized by chronic systemic inflammation, most often affecting joints and synovial membranes and causing ankylosis and deformity

A

rheumatoid arthritis

118
Q

acute attacks of arthritis, usually in a single joint, caused by hyperuricemia

A

gouty arthritis

119
Q

bone tissue that has died from loss of blood supply, such as can occur after a fracture

A

bony necrosis, sequestrum

120
Q

swelling of the joint at the base of the great toe caused by inflammation of the bursa

A

bunion

121
Q

inflammation of the bursa

A

bursitis

122
Q

softening of cartilage

A

chondromalacia

123
Q

inflamation of the epiphyseal regions of the long bone

A

epiphysitis

124
Q

broken or cracked bone

A

fracture (Fx)

125
Q

broken bone with no open wound

A

closed fracture

126
Q

compound fracture; broken bone with an open wound

A

open fracture

127
Q

non displaced fracture with one fracture line that does not require extensive treatment to repair

A

simple fracture

128
Q

displaced fracture that requires manipulation or surgery to repair

A

complex fracture

129
Q

the line of the break in a broken bone

A

fracture line

130
Q

broken in many small pieces

A

comminuted fracture

131
Q

bending and incomplete break of a bone

A

greenstick fracture

132
Q

pronated of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root

A

herniated disk

133
Q

bone marrow tumor

A

myeloma

134
Q

inflammation of muscle

A

myositis

135
Q

muscle tumor

A

myoma

136
Q

smooth muscle tumor

A

leiomyoma

137
Q

malignant smooth muscle tumor

A

leiomyosarcoma

138
Q

skeletal muscle tumor

A

rhabdomyosarcoma

139
Q

a category of genetically transmitted diseases characterized by progressive atrophy of skeletal muscles

A

muscular dystrophy

140
Q

bone tumor

A

osteoma

141
Q

type of malignant bone tumor

A

osteosarcoma

142
Q

disease marked by softening of the bone caused by calcium and vitamin D deficiency

A

osteomalacia

143
Q

osteomalacia in children; causes bone deformity

A

rickets

144
Q

infection of bone and bone marrow, causing inflammation

A

osteomyelitis

145
Q

condition of decreased bone density and increased porosity, causing bones to become brittle and to fracture more easily

A

osteoporosis

146
Q

curvatures of the spine

A

spinal curvatures

147
Q

abnormal posterior curvature of the thoracic spine

A

kyphosis

148
Q

abnormal anterior curvature of the lumbar spine

A

lordosis

149
Q

abnormal lateral curvature of the spine

A

scoliosis

150
Q

forward slipping of a lumbar vertebra

A

spondylolisthesis

151
Q

stiff, immobile condition of vertebrae caused by joint degeneration

A

spondylosis

152
Q

injury to a ligament caused by joint trauma but without joint dislocation or fracture

A

sprain

153
Q

partial dislocation

A

subluxation

154
Q

inflammation of a tendon

A

tendinitis, tendonitis

155
Q

an artificial replacement for a missing body part or a device used to improve a body function, such as an artificial limb, hip, or joint

A

prosthesis

156
Q

a drug that relieves pain

A

analgesic

157
Q

a potent analgesic with addictive properties

A

narcotic

158
Q

a drug that reduces inflammation

A

antiinflammatory

159
Q

a group of drugs with analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic properties

A

nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug (NSAID)

160
Q

A

A

anterior

161
Q

AKA

A

above-knee amputation

162
Q

AP

A

anterior-posterior

163
Q

BKA

A

below-knee amputation

164
Q

CAT

A

computed axial tomography

165
Q

CT

A

computed tomography

166
Q

DJD

A

degenerative joint disorder

167
Q

EMG

A

electromyogram

168
Q

Fx

A

fracture

169
Q

MRI

A

magnetic resonance imaging

170
Q

NSAID

A

nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug

171
Q

OA

A

osteoarthritis

172
Q

ORIF

A

open reduction, internal fixation

173
Q

P

A

posterior

174
Q

PA

A

posterior-anterior

175
Q

PT

A

physical therapy

176
Q

RA

A

rheumatoid arthritis

177
Q

ROM

A

range of motion

178
Q

Tx

A

traction

Medical Terminology (14 decks)

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