Chapter 8- Nervous System Flashcards
cerebr/o
cerebrum
cerebell/o
cerebellum
crani/o
skull
encephal/o
entire brain
esthesi/o
sensation
gangli/o
ganglion
gli/o
glue
gnos/o
knowing
kinesi/o
movement
lex/o
word or phase
mening/o, meningi/o
meninges
myel/o
spinal cord
narc/o
sleep
neur/o
nerve
phas/o
speech
phob/o
exaggerated fear or sensitivity
phor/o
carry
phren/o
mind
psych/o
mind
thym/o
mind
schiz/o
split
somat/o
body
somn/o
sleep
somn/i
sleep
hypn/o
sleep
spin/o
spine (thorn)
spondyl/o
vertebra
vertebr/o
vertebra
stere/o
three-dimential or solid
tax/o
order or coordination
thalam/o
thalamus
ton/o
tone or tension
top/o
place
ventricul/o
ventricle
cata-
down
-asthenia
weakness
-mania
condition of abnormal impulse toward
-lepsy
seizure
-paresis
slight paralysis
-plegia
paralysis
brain and spinal cord
central nervous system (CNS)
portion of the central nervous system contained within the cranium
brain
largest portion of the brain
cerebrum
anterior section of each cerebral hemisphere
frontal lobe
portion posterior to the frontal lobe
parietal lobe
portion that lies below the frontal lobe
temporal lobe
portion posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes
occipital lobe
outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of gray matter
cerebral cortex
each of two gray matter nuclei deep within the brain
thalamus
convulsions of the cerebral hemispheres
gyri
shallow grooves that seperate gyri
sulci
deep grooves in the brain
fissures
portion of the brain located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum
cerebellum
regions of the brain that serves as a relay between the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord
brainstem
series of interconnected cavities within the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem filled with cerebrospinal fluid
ventricles
plasma-like clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
column of nervous tissue from the brainstem through the vertebrae
spinal cord
three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid mater
meninges
nerves that branch from the central nervous system including nerves of the brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system (PNS)
12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain
cranial nerves
31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
spinal nerves
nerves that conduct impulses from body parts and carry sensory information to the brain
sensory nerves
nerves that conduct motor impulses from the brain to muscles and glands
motor nerves
nerves that carry involuntary impulses to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and various glands
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
control center for the autonomic nervous system located below the thalamus
hypothalamus
division of the autonomic nervous system that is concerned primarily with preparing the body in stressful of emergency situations
sympathetic nervous system
division of the autonomic nervous system that is most active in ordinary conditions
parasympathetic nervous system
impairment because of localized brain injury
aphasia, dysphasia
a general term referring to levels of decreased consciousness with varying responsiveness
coma
a state of mental confusion caused by disturbances in cerebral function
delirium
an impairment of intellectual function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion
dementia
loss or impairment of muscle function
motor deficit
loss or impairment of sensation
sensory deficit
pain along the course of a nerve
neuralgia
temporary or permanent loss of motor control
paralysis
defective or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion
flaccid paralysis
stiff and awkward muscle control caused by a central nervous system disorder
spastic paralysis
partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body
hemiparesis
pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve, caused by compression or trauma of the nerve or its roots
sciatica
sudden, transient disturbances in brain function resulting from an abnormal firing of nerve impulses
seizure
type of seizure that causes a series of sudden, involuntary contractions of muscles
convulsion
fainting
syncope
evoking a response by touching
tactile stimulation
increased sensitivity to stimulation such as touch or pain
hyperesthesia
abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling without objective cause
paresthesia
and of many types of loss of neurologic function involving interpretation of sensory information
agnosia
inability to judge the form of an object by touch
astereognosis
inability to locate a sensation properly, such as an inability to located a point touched on the body
atopognosis
disease of structural changes in the brain resulting in an irreversible deterioration that progress from forgetfulness and disorientation
Alzheimer disease
condition of progressive deterioration of motor nerve cells resulting in total loss of voluntary muscle control
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
condition of motor disfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development or injury at birth
cerebral palsy (CP)
disorder resulting from a change within one or more blood vessels of the brain
cerebrovascular disease
hardening of the arteries of the brain
cerebral arteriosclerosis
condition of lipid buildup within the blood vessels of the brain
cerebral atherosclerosis
presence of a stationary clot in a blood vessel of the brain
cerebral thrombosis
obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain by an embolus transported through the circulation
cerebral embolism
damage to the brain caused by cerebrovascular disease, such as occlusion of a blood vessel by a thrombus or embolus or intracranial hemorrhage after rupture of an aneurysm
stroke
brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain, usually caused by a partial occlusion that results in temporary neurologic deficit
transient ischemic attack
inflammation of the brain
encephalitis
disorder affecting the central nervous system
epilepsy
stiffening-jerking
tonic-clonic seizure
seizure involving a brief loss of consciousness without motor involvement
absence seizure
seizure involving only limited areas of the brain with localized symptoms
partial seizure
tumor of glial cells graded according to degree of malignancy
glioma
protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervetebral disk so that the nucleus pulposus protrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
herniated disk
viral disease affecting the peripheral nerves, characterized by painful blisters that spread over the skin following the affected nerves, usually unilateral
herpes zoster
hereditary disease of the central nervous system characterized by bizarre, involuntary body movements and progressive dementia
Huntington chorea, Huntington disease (HD)
abnormal accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid in the ventricles of the brain as a result of developmental anomalies, infection, injury, or tumor
hydrocephalus
benign tumor of the coverings of the brain
meningioma
inflammation of the meninges
meningitis
paroxysmal attacks of mostly unilateral headache, often accompanied by disordered vision, nausea, or vomiting, lasting hours or days and caused by dilation of arteries
migraine headache
disease of the central nervous system characterized by the demyelination of nerve fibers with episodes of neurologic dysfunction followed by recovery
multiple sclerosis (MS)
autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing a progressive decrease in muscle strength
myasthenia gravis
inflammation of the spinal cord
myelitis
sleep disorder characterized by a sudden uncontrollable need to sleep, attacks of paralysis, and dreams intruding while awake
narcolepsy
congenital deformaties of the brain and spinal cord caused by incomplete development of the neural tube
neural tube defects
defect in the closure of the cephalic portion of the neural tube
anencephaly
defect in development of the spinal column characterized by the absence of vertebral arches, often resulting in pouching of the meninges
spina bifida
condition of slowly progressive degeneration in an area of the brainstem resulting in a decrease of dopamine
Parkinson disease
paralysis
plegia
paralysis on one side of the body
hemiplegia
paralysis from the waist down
paraplegia
paralysis of all four limbs
quadriplegia
inflammation of the gray mater of the spinal cord caused by a virus
poliomyelitis
inflammation involving two or more nerves , often caused by a nutritional deficiency, such as lack of thiamine
polyneuritis
periods of breathing cessation that occur during sleep, often causing snoring
sleep apnea
agent that relieves pain
analgesic
agent that prevents or lessens convulsion
anticonvulsant
agent that induces sleep
hypnotic
emotional feeling or mood
affect
significantly dulled emotional tone or outward reaction
flat affect
a lack interest or display of emotion
apathy
a state of unresponsiveness to one’s environment, usually including muscle rigidity, staring, and inability to communicate
catatonia
a persistent belief that has no basis in reality
delusion
a person’s false belief that he or she possesses great wealth, intelligence, or power
grandiose delusion
a person’s false belief that someone is plotting against him or her with the intent to harm
persecutory delusion
a restless, dissatisfied mood
dysphoria
an exaggerated, unfolding feeling of well-being
euphoria
a false perception of the senses for which there is no reality
hallucination
the formation of thoughts or ideas, such as suicidal ideation
ideation
state of abnormal elation and increased activity
mania
a psychologic condition in which anxiety is prominent
neurosis
a mental condition characterized by distortion of reality resulting in the inability to communicate of function without one’s environment
psychosis
thought that lacks clear processing or logical direction
thought disorder
a disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood that affect concentration, sleep, activity, and social behavior
major depression, major depressive illness, clinical depression, major affective disorder, unipolar disorder
a milder affective disorder characterized by chronic depression
dysthymia
an affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and depression
manic depression, bipolar disorder (BD)
an affective disorder marked by episodes of depression that most often occur during the fall and winter and that remit in the spring
seasonal affective disorder (SAD)
the most common anxiety disorder, patient does know where the anxiety is coming from
generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)
a disorder of sudden, recurrent attacks of intense feelings including physical symptoms that mimic a heart attack
panic disorder
exaggerated fear of a specific or circumstances that causes anxiety and panic
phobia
a condition resulting from an extremely traumatic experience, injury, or illness that leaves the sufferer with persistent thoughts and memories of the ordeal
posttramatic stress disorder (PTSD)
an anxiety disorder featuring unwanted, senseless obsessions accompanies by repeated compulsions
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
a preoccupation with thoughts of disease and concern that one is suffering from a serious condition that persists despite medical reassurance to the contrary
hypochondriasis
a developmental disability, commonly appearing during the first three years of life, resulting from a neurologic disorder affecting the brain function
autism
a developmental disability characterized by difficulty understanding written or spoken words
dyslexia
a dysfunctional characterized by consistent hyperactivity, distractibility, and lack of control over impulses, which interferes with ability to function normally at school, home or work
attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
a condition of subaverage intelligence characterized by an IQ of 70 or less, resulting in the inability to adapt to normal social activities
mental retardation
a severe disturbance in eating behavior caused by abnormal perceptions about one’s body weight
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by binge eating followed by efforts to limit digestion through induced vomiting
bulimia nervosa
mental disorders resulting from abuse of substances such as drugs, alcohol, or other toxins causing personal and social dysfunction
substance abuse disorders
a disease of brain chemistry causing a disordered cognitive and emotional perception of one’s environment
schizophrenia
electrical shock applied to the brain to induce convulsions
electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
use of specialized illuminating light boxes and visors to treat seasonal affective disorder
light therapy
treatment of psychiatric disorders using verbal and nonverbal interaction with patterns, individually or in a group, employing specific actions and techniques
psychotherapy
treatment to decrease or stop unwanted behavior
behavioral therapy
treatment to change unwanted patterns of thinking
cognitive therapy
medications used to treat mental illnesses
psychotrophic drugs
drugs used to reduce anxiety
antianxiety agents
agent tht counteracts depression
antidepressant
drug used to treat psychosis, especially schizophrenia
neuroleptic agents
agent that has a calming effect and quiets nervousness
sedative
ALS
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
ADHD
attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder
ANS
autonomic nervous system
BD
bipolar disorder
CNS
central nervous system
CP
cerebral palsy
CSF
cerebrospinal fluid
CT
computed tomography
CVA
cerebrovascular accident
DTR
deep tendon reflexes
ECT
electroconvulsive therapy
EEG
electroencephalogram
GAD
generalized anxiety disorder
HD
huntington disease
LP
lumbar puncture
MRA
magnetic resonance angiogram
MRI
magnetic resonance imaging
MS
multiple sclerosis
NCV
nerve conduction velocity
OCD
obsessive-compulsive disorder
PET
positron-emission tomography
PNS
peripheral nervous disorder
PSG
polysomnography
PTSD
posttraumatic stress disorder
SAD
seasonal affective disorder
SPECT
single-photon emission computed tomography
TIA
transient ischemic attack
