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Medical Terminology > Chapter 5- Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Chapter 5- Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

angi/o

A

vessel

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2
Q

vas/o

A

vessel

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3
Q

vascul/o

A

vessel

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4
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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5
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

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6
Q

arther/o

A

fatty (lipid) paste

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7
Q

arti/o

A

atrium

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8
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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9
Q

coron/o

A

circle or crown

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10
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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11
Q

pector/o

A

chest

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12
Q

steth/o

A

chest

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13
Q

sphygm/o

A

pulse

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14
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

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15
Q

ven/o

A

vein

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16
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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17
Q

varic/o

A

swollen, twisted vein

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18
Q

ventricul/o

A

ventricle (belly or pouch)

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19
Q

upper right or left chamber of the heart

A

atrium

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20
Q

membrane lining the cavities of the heart

A

endocardium

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21
Q

membrane forming the outer layer of the heart

A

epicardium

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22
Q

partition between the right and left atria

A

interatrial septum

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23
Q

partition between the right and left ventricles

A

interventricular septum

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24
Q

heart muscle

A

myocardium

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25
Q

protective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers with fluid between

A

pericardium

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26
Q

protective layer closest to the heart

A

visceral pericardium

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27
Q

outer layer of the protective sac enclosing the heart

A

parietal pericardium

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28
Q

fluid-filled cavity between the pericardial layers

A

pericardial cavity

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29
Q

lower right or left chamber of the heart

A

ventricle

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30
Q

structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood

A

heart valves

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31
Q

heart valves between the left ventricle and the aorta

A

aortic valve

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32
Q

heart valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle

A

mitral valve, bicuspid valve

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33
Q

heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

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34
Q

valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

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35
Q

valves located at intervals within the lining of veins, especially in the legs, which constrict with muscle action to move the blood returning to the heart

A

valves of the veins

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36
Q

vessels that carry blood from the heart to the arterioles

A

arteries

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37
Q

large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from the left ventricle

A

aorta

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38
Q

small vessels that receive blood from the arteries

A

arterioles

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39
Q

tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules

A

capillaries

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40
Q

small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins

A

venules

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41
Q

vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules

A

veins

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42
Q

circulation of the blood throughout the body via arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues

A

systemic circulation

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43
Q

circulation of blood throughout the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue

A

coronary circulation

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44
Q

circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, providing for the exchange of gasses

A

pulmonary circulation

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45
Q

to expand; period the cardiac cycle when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria

A

diastole

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46
Q

to contract; period during the cardiac cycle when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and the pulmonary artery

A

systole

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47
Q

normal blood pressure

A

normotension

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48
Q

low blood pressure

A

hypotension

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49
Q

high blood pressure

A

hypertension (HTN)

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50
Q

the pacemaker

A

sinoatrial node (SA)

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51
Q

neurological tissue in the center of the heart that receives and amplifies the conduction of impulses from the SA node to the bundle of His

A

atrioventricular node (AV)

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52
Q

neurological fibers exttending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers

A

bundle of His

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53
Q

fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles causing them to contract

A

Purkinje fibers

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54
Q

resting state of a myocardial cell

A

polarization

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55
Q

change of a myocardial cell from a polarized state to a state of contraction

A

depolarization

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56
Q

recharging of the myocardial cell from a contracted state back to a resting state

A

repolarization

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57
Q

regular rhythm of the heart stimulated by the SA node

A

normal sinus rhythm (NSR)

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58
Q

a widening; a bulging of the wall of the heart, aorta, or artery caused by a congenital defect or acquired weakness

A

aneurysm

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59
Q

sac-like bulge on one side

A

saccular aneurysm

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60
Q

a spindle- shaped bulge

A

fusiform aneurysm

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61
Q

a split or tear of the vessel wall

A

dissecting aneurysm

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62
Q

chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to the heart muscle

A

angina pectoris

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63
Q

thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of the arterial walls

A

arteriosclerosis

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64
Q

the buildup of fatty substances that harden within the walls of arteries

A

artherosclerosis

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65
Q

a swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by the buildup of fat

A

atheromatous plaque

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66
Q

to limp; caused by inadequate blood supply

A

claudication

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67
Q

compression of a part that causes narrowing

A

constriction

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68
Q

profuse sweating

A

diaphoresis

69
Q

a clot carried in the bloodstream that obstructs the flow of blood when it lodges

A

embolus

70
Q

an abnormal sounds from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves

A

heart murmur

71
Q

to stuff; a localized area of necrosis caused by ischemia resulting from occlusion of a blood vessel

A

infarct

72
Q

to hold back blood

A

ischemia

73
Q

lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing occlusion

A

perfusion deficit

74
Q

plugging; an obstruction or a closing off

A

occlusion

75
Q

subjective experience of pounding, skipping, or racing heartbeats

A

palpitation

76
Q

condition of narrowing of a part

A

stenosis

77
Q

a stationary blood clot

A

thrombosis

78
Q

to grow; an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally as a result of infection

A

vegetation

79
Q

signs and symptoms indicating an active process of artherosclerotic plaque buildup or formation of a thrombus, or spasm within a coronary artery, causing a reduction or loss of blood flow to myocardial tissue

A

acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

80
Q

any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat

A

arrhythmia, dysrhythmia

81
Q

slow heart rate

A

bradycardia

82
Q

chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart

A

fibrillation

83
Q

a ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulse initiated by the SA node

A

premature ventricular contraction (PVC)

84
Q

fast heart rate

A

tachycardia

85
Q

a bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or the heart valves

A

bacterial endocarditis

86
Q

compression of the heart produced by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac, as results from pericarditis or trauma, causing rupture of a blood vessel within the heart

A

cardiac tamponade

87
Q

a general term for disease of the heart muscle

A

cardiomyopathy

88
Q

malformations of the heart that are present at birth

A

congenital anomaly of the heart

89
Q

an opening in the septum separating the atria

A

atrial septal defect (ASD)

90
Q

narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta, resulting in a limited flow of blood to the lower part of the body

A

coarctation of the aorta

91
Q

an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth

A

patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

92
Q

an opening in the septum separating the ventricles

A

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

93
Q

failure of the left ventricle to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body, resulting in a “bottleneck” of congestion in the lungs that may extend to the veins, causing edema in lower portions of the body

A

congestive heart failure (CHF), left ventricular failure

94
Q

enlargement of the right ventricle, resulting form chronic disease within the lungs, that causes congestion within the pulmonary circulation and resistance of blood flow to the myocardium

A

coronary artery disease (CAD)

95
Q

persistently high blood pressure

A

hypertension (HTN)

96
Q

high blood pressure attributed to no single cause

A

essential hypertension

97
Q

hypercholesterolemia, and hereditary factors causing persistently high blood pressure

A

primary hypertension

98
Q

high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease

A

secondary hypertension

99
Q

protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood

A

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

100
Q

heart attack

A

myocardial infarction (MI)

101
Q

inflammation of the pericardium

A

pericarditis

102
Q

damage to heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever

A

rheumatic heart disease

103
Q

the abrupt cessation of any output (CO)

A

sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)

104
Q

formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most often in the femoral and iliac veins

A

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

105
Q

inflammation of the vein

A

phlebitis

106
Q

inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation

A

thrombophlebitis

107
Q

abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves; most often seen in the legs

A

varicose veins

108
Q

grafting a portion of a blood vessel retrieved from another part of the body to bypass an occluded coronary artery, restoring circulation to myocardial tissue

A

coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)

109
Q

opening; the joining of tow blood vessels to allow flow from one to the other

A

anastomosis

110
Q

surgical removal of the lining of an artery to clear a blockage caused by a clot or atherosclerotic plaque buildup

A

endarterectomy

111
Q

surgery to replace a diseased heart valve with an artificial valve

A

valve replacement

112
Q

surgical repair of a defective heart valve

A

valvuloplasty

113
Q

interventional procedures used to treat coronary artery disease (CAD) performed at the time of cardiac catheterization in a specialized laboratory setting instead of the traditional operating room

A

percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

114
Q

use of a flexible fiberoptic angioscope that is guided through a specific blood vessel to visually assess a lesion and to select the mode of therapy

A

angioscopy, vascular endoscopy

115
Q

excision of atheromatous plaque from within an artery utilizing a device housed in a flexible catheter that selectively cuts away or pulverizes tissue buildup

A

atherectomy

116
Q

a method for treating the narrowing of a coronary artery by inserting a specialized catheter with a balloon attachment then inflating the balloon to dilate and open the narrowed portion of the vessel and restore blood flow to the myocardium

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)

117
Q

implantation of a device used to reinforce the wall of a vessel and assure its patency

A

intravascular stent placement

118
Q

termination of ventricular fibrulation by delivering an electrical stimulus to the heart

A

defibrillation

119
Q

device that delivers the electrical stimulus in defibrillation

A

defibrillator

120
Q

restoration of a fast or irregular heart rate to a normal rhythm, either by pharmaceutical means or by delivery of electrical energy

A

cardioversion

121
Q

an implantation, battery-operated device with rate-sensing leads

A

implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)

122
Q

a device used to treat slow heart rates by electrically stimulating the heart to contract

A

pacemaker

123
Q

drug that suppresses the conversion of angiotensin in the blood by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor

124
Q

drug that dilates coronary arteries, restoring oxygen to the tissues to relieve the pain of angina pectoris

A

antianginal

125
Q

drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythemia

A

antiarrhythmic

126
Q

drug that prevents clotting of the blood

A

anticoagulant

127
Q

drug that lowers blood pressure

A

antihypertensive

128
Q

agents that inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity, causing a slowing of electrical conduction and heart rate and lowering of the pressure within the walls of the vessels

A

beta-adrenergic blocking agents, beta-blockers

129
Q

agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into heart muscle cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for oxygen and nutrients, and relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation

A

calcium-channel blockers

130
Q

drug that increases the force of myocardial contractions in the heart

A

cardiotonic

131
Q

drug that increases the secretion of urine

A

diuretic

132
Q

drug that reduces serum fat and cholesterol

A

hypolipidemic

133
Q

drugs used to dissolve thrombi

A

thrombolytic agents

134
Q

drug that causes a narrowing of the blood vessels, thereby decreasing blood flow

A

vasoconstrictor

135
Q

drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow

A

vasodilator

136
Q

ACE

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme

137
Q

ACS

A

acute coronary syndrome

138
Q

ASD

A

atrial septal defect

139
Q

AV

A

atrioventricular

140
Q

BP

A

blood pressure

141
Q

CABG

A

coronary artery bypass graft

142
Q

CAD

A

coronary artery disease

143
Q

CHF

A

congestive heart failure

144
Q

CO

A

cardiac output

145
Q

CTA

A

computed tomographic angiography

146
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis

147
Q

ECG or EKG

A

electrocardiogram

148
Q

ECHO

A

echocardiography

149
Q

EPS

A

electrophysiological study

150
Q

HTN

A

hypertension

151
Q

ICD

A

implantable cardioverter defibrillator

152
Q

IV

A

introvenous

153
Q

MI

A

myocardial infarction

154
Q

MRA

A

magnetic resonance angiography

155
Q

MUGA

A

multiple-gated aquisition

156
Q

MVP

A

mitral valve prolapse

157
Q

NSR

A

normal sinus rhythm

158
Q

PCI

A

percutaneous coronary intervention

159
Q

PDA

A

patient ductus arteriosus

160
Q

PET

A

positron-emission tomography

161
Q

PTCA

A

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

162
Q

PVC

A

premature ventricular contractio

163
Q

SA

A

sinoatrial

164
Q

SCA

A

sudden cardiac arrest

165
Q

SV

A

stroke volume

166
Q

TEE

A

transesophageal echocardiogram

167
Q

tPA or TPA

A

tissue plasminogen activator

168
Q

VSD

A

ventricular septal defect

Medical Terminology (14 decks)

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