Chapter 5- Cardiovascular System Flashcards
angi/o
vessel
vas/o
vessel
vascul/o
vessel
aort/o
aorta
arteri/o
artery
arther/o
fatty (lipid) paste
arti/o
atrium
cardi/o
heart
coron/o
circle or crown
my/o
muscle
pector/o
chest
steth/o
chest
sphygm/o
pulse
thromb/o
clot
ven/o
vein
phleb/o
vein
varic/o
swollen, twisted vein
ventricul/o
ventricle (belly or pouch)
upper right or left chamber of the heart
atrium
membrane lining the cavities of the heart
endocardium
membrane forming the outer layer of the heart
epicardium
partition between the right and left atria
interatrial septum
partition between the right and left ventricles
interventricular septum
heart muscle
myocardium
protective sac enclosing the heart composed of two layers with fluid between
pericardium
protective layer closest to the heart
visceral pericardium
outer layer of the protective sac enclosing the heart
parietal pericardium
fluid-filled cavity between the pericardial layers
pericardial cavity
lower right or left chamber of the heart
ventricle
structures within the heart that open and close with the heartbeat to regulate the one-way flow of blood
heart valves
heart valves between the left ventricle and the aorta
aortic valve
heart valve between the left atrium and the left ventricle
mitral valve, bicuspid valve
heart valve opening from the right ventricle to the pulmonary artery
pulmonary semilunar valve
valve between the right atrium and the right ventricle
tricuspid valve
valves located at intervals within the lining of veins, especially in the legs, which constrict with muscle action to move the blood returning to the heart
valves of the veins
vessels that carry blood from the heart to the arterioles
arteries
large artery that is the main trunk of the arterial system branching from the left ventricle
aorta
small vessels that receive blood from the arteries
arterioles
tiny vessels that join arterioles and venules
capillaries
small vessels that gather blood from the capillaries into the veins
venules
vessels that carry blood to the heart from the venules
veins
circulation of the blood throughout the body via arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins to deliver oxygen and nutrients to body tissues
systemic circulation
circulation of blood throughout the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue
coronary circulation
circulation of blood from the pulmonary artery through the vessels in the lungs and back to the heart via the pulmonary vein, providing for the exchange of gasses
pulmonary circulation
to expand; period the cardiac cycle when blood enters the relaxed ventricles from the atria
diastole
to contract; period during the cardiac cycle when the heart is in contraction and blood is ejected through the aorta and the pulmonary artery
systole
normal blood pressure
normotension
low blood pressure
hypotension
high blood pressure
hypertension (HTN)
the pacemaker
sinoatrial node (SA)
neurological tissue in the center of the heart that receives and amplifies the conduction of impulses from the SA node to the bundle of His
atrioventricular node (AV)
neurological fibers exttending from the AV node to the right and left bundle branches that fire the impulse from the AV node to the Purkinje fibers
bundle of His
fibers in the ventricles that transmit impulses to the right and left ventricles causing them to contract
Purkinje fibers
resting state of a myocardial cell
polarization
change of a myocardial cell from a polarized state to a state of contraction
depolarization
recharging of the myocardial cell from a contracted state back to a resting state
repolarization
regular rhythm of the heart stimulated by the SA node
normal sinus rhythm (NSR)
a widening; a bulging of the wall of the heart, aorta, or artery caused by a congenital defect or acquired weakness
aneurysm
sac-like bulge on one side
saccular aneurysm
a spindle- shaped bulge
fusiform aneurysm
a split or tear of the vessel wall
dissecting aneurysm
chest pain caused by a temporary loss of oxygenated blood to the heart muscle
angina pectoris
thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification of the arterial walls
arteriosclerosis
the buildup of fatty substances that harden within the walls of arteries
artherosclerosis
a swollen area within the lining of an artery caused by the buildup of fat
atheromatous plaque
to limp; caused by inadequate blood supply
claudication
compression of a part that causes narrowing
constriction
profuse sweating
diaphoresis
a clot carried in the bloodstream that obstructs the flow of blood when it lodges
embolus
an abnormal sounds from the heart produced by defects in the chambers or valves
heart murmur
to stuff; a localized area of necrosis caused by ischemia resulting from occlusion of a blood vessel
infarct
to hold back blood
ischemia
lack of flow through a blood vessel caused by narrowing occlusion
perfusion deficit
plugging; an obstruction or a closing off
occlusion
subjective experience of pounding, skipping, or racing heartbeats
palpitation
condition of narrowing of a part
stenosis
a stationary blood clot
thrombosis
to grow; an abnormal growth of tissue around a valve, generally as a result of infection
vegetation
signs and symptoms indicating an active process of artherosclerotic plaque buildup or formation of a thrombus, or spasm within a coronary artery, causing a reduction or loss of blood flow to myocardial tissue
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
any of several kinds of irregularity or loss of rhythm of the heartbeat
arrhythmia, dysrhythmia
slow heart rate
bradycardia
chaotic, irregular contractions of the heart
fibrillation
a ventricular contraction preceding the normal impulse initiated by the SA node
premature ventricular contraction (PVC)
fast heart rate
tachycardia
a bacterial inflammation that affects the endocardium or the heart valves
bacterial endocarditis
compression of the heart produced by the accumulation of fluid in the pericardial sac, as results from pericarditis or trauma, causing rupture of a blood vessel within the heart
cardiac tamponade
a general term for disease of the heart muscle
cardiomyopathy
malformations of the heart that are present at birth
congenital anomaly of the heart
an opening in the septum separating the atria
atrial septal defect (ASD)
narrowing of the descending portion of the aorta, resulting in a limited flow of blood to the lower part of the body
coarctation of the aorta
an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caused by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth
patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)
an opening in the septum separating the ventricles
ventricular septal defect (VSD)
failure of the left ventricle to pump an adequate amount of blood to meet the demands of the body, resulting in a “bottleneck” of congestion in the lungs that may extend to the veins, causing edema in lower portions of the body
congestive heart failure (CHF), left ventricular failure
enlargement of the right ventricle, resulting form chronic disease within the lungs, that causes congestion within the pulmonary circulation and resistance of blood flow to the myocardium
coronary artery disease (CAD)
persistently high blood pressure
hypertension (HTN)
high blood pressure attributed to no single cause
essential hypertension
hypercholesterolemia, and hereditary factors causing persistently high blood pressure
primary hypertension
high blood pressure caused by the effects of another disease
secondary hypertension
protrusion of one or both cusps of the mitral valve back into the left atrium during ventricular contraction, resulting in incomplete closure and backflow of blood
mitral valve prolapse (MVP)
heart attack
myocardial infarction (MI)
inflammation of the pericardium
pericarditis
damage to heart muscle and heart valves by rheumatic fever
rheumatic heart disease
the abrupt cessation of any output (CO)
sudden cardiac arrest (SCA)
formation of a clot in a deep vein of the body, occurring most often in the femoral and iliac veins
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
inflammation of the vein
phlebitis
inflammation of a vein associated with a clot formation
thrombophlebitis
abnormally swollen, twisted veins with defective valves; most often seen in the legs
varicose veins
grafting a portion of a blood vessel retrieved from another part of the body to bypass an occluded coronary artery, restoring circulation to myocardial tissue
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
opening; the joining of tow blood vessels to allow flow from one to the other
anastomosis
surgical removal of the lining of an artery to clear a blockage caused by a clot or atherosclerotic plaque buildup
endarterectomy
surgery to replace a diseased heart valve with an artificial valve
valve replacement
surgical repair of a defective heart valve
valvuloplasty
interventional procedures used to treat coronary artery disease (CAD) performed at the time of cardiac catheterization in a specialized laboratory setting instead of the traditional operating room
percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
use of a flexible fiberoptic angioscope that is guided through a specific blood vessel to visually assess a lesion and to select the mode of therapy
angioscopy, vascular endoscopy
excision of atheromatous plaque from within an artery utilizing a device housed in a flexible catheter that selectively cuts away or pulverizes tissue buildup
atherectomy
a method for treating the narrowing of a coronary artery by inserting a specialized catheter with a balloon attachment then inflating the balloon to dilate and open the narrowed portion of the vessel and restore blood flow to the myocardium
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA)
implantation of a device used to reinforce the wall of a vessel and assure its patency
intravascular stent placement
termination of ventricular fibrulation by delivering an electrical stimulus to the heart
defibrillation
device that delivers the electrical stimulus in defibrillation
defibrillator
restoration of a fast or irregular heart rate to a normal rhythm, either by pharmaceutical means or by delivery of electrical energy
cardioversion
an implantation, battery-operated device with rate-sensing leads
implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD)
a device used to treat slow heart rates by electrically stimulating the heart to contract
pacemaker
drug that suppresses the conversion of angiotensin in the blood by the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor
drug that dilates coronary arteries, restoring oxygen to the tissues to relieve the pain of angina pectoris
antianginal
drug that counteracts cardiac arrhythemia
antiarrhythmic
drug that prevents clotting of the blood
anticoagulant
drug that lowers blood pressure
antihypertensive
agents that inhibit responses to sympathetic adrenergic nerve activity, causing a slowing of electrical conduction and heart rate and lowering of the pressure within the walls of the vessels
beta-adrenergic blocking agents, beta-blockers
agents that inhibit the entry of calcium ions into heart muscle cells, causing a slowing of the heart rate, a lessening of the demand for oxygen and nutrients, and relaxing of the smooth muscle cells of the blood vessels to cause dilation
calcium-channel blockers
drug that increases the force of myocardial contractions in the heart
cardiotonic
drug that increases the secretion of urine
diuretic
drug that reduces serum fat and cholesterol
hypolipidemic
drugs used to dissolve thrombi
thrombolytic agents
drug that causes a narrowing of the blood vessels, thereby decreasing blood flow
vasoconstrictor
drug that causes dilation of the blood vessels, thereby increasing blood flow
vasodilator
ACE
angiotensin-converting enzyme
ACS
acute coronary syndrome
ASD
atrial septal defect
AV
atrioventricular
BP
blood pressure
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
CAD
coronary artery disease
CHF
congestive heart failure
CO
cardiac output
CTA
computed tomographic angiography
DVT
deep vein thrombosis
ECG or EKG
electrocardiogram
ECHO
echocardiography
EPS
electrophysiological study
HTN
hypertension
ICD
implantable cardioverter defibrillator
IV
introvenous
MI
myocardial infarction
MRA
magnetic resonance angiography
MUGA
multiple-gated aquisition
MVP
mitral valve prolapse
NSR
normal sinus rhythm
PCI
percutaneous coronary intervention
PDA
patient ductus arteriosus
PET
positron-emission tomography
PTCA
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty
PVC
premature ventricular contractio
SA
sinoatrial
SCA
sudden cardiac arrest
SV
stroke volume
TEE
transesophageal echocardiogram
tPA or TPA
tissue plasminogen activator
VSD
ventricular septal defect
