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AQA A Level History Industrialisation and the People: Britain 1783-1885 (1F) > Chapter 9 - Economic developments 1812-32 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 - Economic developments 1812-32 Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the Reciprocity Treaty signed?

A

1823

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2
Q

When in the 1820s was there a commercial crisis?

A

1825

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3
Q

When was the Bank Act introduced?

A

1826

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4
Q

What was coal production in 1815?

A

~16 million tons

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5
Q

What was coal production in 1830?

A

Just under 30 million tons

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6
Q

By 1830, around what proportion of coal was being used in the iron industry?

A

Around half

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7
Q

How many tons of coal did it take to produce 1 ton of pig iron in 1800?

A

8 tons

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8
Q

How many tons of coal did it take to produce 1 ton of pig iron in 1830?

A

3.5 tons

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9
Q

How much did imports of raw cotton increase by from 1815 to 1830?

A

Two to threefold

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10
Q

What happened to export of manufactured cotton from 1815 to 1830?

A

It increased

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11
Q

What percentage of the industrial workforce was engaged in the cotton industry by the 1830s?

A

~30%

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12
Q

What percentage of all British exports were textiles by the 1830s?

A

70%

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13
Q

What proportion of Britain’s imports did raw cotton account for by the 1830s?

A

Around 1/5

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14
Q

When was the first steamship launched?

A

1838

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15
Q

What was the tonnage of ships built and registered in Britain in 1820?

A

66,700

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16
Q

What was the tonnage of ships built and registered in Britain in 1830?

A

75,500

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17
Q

Did the % of coal being exported from Britain increase or decrease from 1800 to the 1830s?

A

Increased slightly:
2% in 1800
2.2% in 1830
2.7% in 1835

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18
Q

What was the UK population in 1811?

A

12 million

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19
Q

What was the UK population in 1821?

A

Over 14 million

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20
Q

What was the UK population in 1831?

A

16.3 million

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21
Q

How much raw cotton was imported to Britain from 1810-19?

A

96 million lbs

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22
Q

How much raw cotton was imported to Britain from 1820-29?

A

173 million lbs

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23
Q

How many yards of cotton goods were exported from Britain from 1810-19?

A

227 million

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24
Q

How many yards of cotton goods were exported from Britain from 1820-29?

A

320 million

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25
Q

What policies gave trade a boost during the 1820s?

A

Huskisson’s free trade policies

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26
Q

What was a major factor in the increase of production in the 1820s and 30s?

A

Continuing development of steam power

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27
Q

What began to be in greater demand from the middle classes in the 1820s and 1830s?

A

Pottery and china

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28
Q

Why was the rate of population growth greater in urban areas than rural areas in the 1820s and 30s?

A

Migration to industrial towns for work and the greater number of early marriages and births in crowded towns and cities

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29
Q

Who made two important modifications to the power loom in 1803 and 1813?

A

William Horrocks

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30
Q

When did Richard Roberts develop a reliable, cast-iron power loom?

A

1822

31
Q

How many power looms were in operation in 1803?

A

2400

32
Q

How many power looms were in operation in 1833?

A

100,000

33
Q

Who developed the hot-air blast furnace and when?

A

James Beaumont Nielson by 1828

34
Q

How did the hot-air blast furnace work?

A

Heated the blast of air between the steam engine and furnace to a specific temperature, producing better quality iron and allowing raw coal to be used instead of coke, making the process cheaper and more efficient

35
Q

Who invented the Davy lamp and when?

A

Sir Humphrey Davy in 1813

36
Q

How did the Davy lamp work?

A

It inserted gauze around the naked flame, preventing explosion due to methane gas

37
Q

What was done to improve coal mining safety in the early 1800s?

A

Apart from the Davy lamp and an air pump to improve ventilation, not much to be honest

38
Q

What locomotive was invented in 1812, by who and where?

A

The Puffing Billy, by William Hedley in a Tyneside colliery

39
Q

When and where did George Stephenson design his first locomotive?

A

Killingworth Colliery, Northumberland in 1814

40
Q

Who was the engineer for the Stockton to Darlington and Liverpool to Manchester railways?

A

George Stephenson

41
Q

Apart from locomotives, what is George Stephenson famous for inventing?

A

A safety lamp, similar to the Davy lamp, in 1815

42
Q

What two industries did railways give a boost to in particular?

A

Iron and coal

43
Q

Why was the railway one of the key developments of the industrial age?

A

Allowed goods and people to be transported at speed and low cost, increased employment, boosted coal and iron industries

44
Q

What was Stephenson’s famous engine which won the Rainhill Trials of 1829 with a speed of 30 mph called?

A

Rocket

45
Q

What was George Stephenson’s engineer son called?

A

Robert Stephenson

46
Q

What were the Enclosure Acts?

A

Measures passed by Parliament compelling areas of farmland to be enclosed- many were passed during the French Wars, and this continued through the 1820s

47
Q

Why was rent for enclosed land charged at a higher rate?

A

It was more valuable as the crops in enclosed fields gave a higher yield, there was less wastage of land, more control over soil fertilisation and more protection from hedging

48
Q

What is mixed farming?

A

Crops and livestock on the same farm

49
Q

Why did enclosure benefit farmers through its encouraging improved crop rotation?

A

This allowed for more mixed farming as a greater variety of cattle fodder, including winter feed, could be produced, and gave farmers greater security as heavy rains which ruined harvests would benefit the animals

50
Q

What did greater security for farmers due to the benefits of enclosure mean for them?

A

Gave them higher profits for expansion and the confidence to invest in the latest farming techniques and experiments

51
Q

Why was agriculture stimulated by the French wars?

A

Caused wheat prices to rise, so farmers planted as much as possible, even on less fertile land; disruption of war and rising population kept prices high

52
Q

What happened in agriculture once the French wars ended?

A

Demand fell, the price of wheat fell, not as much land could be cultivated due to price, cheap foreign corn entered, things tenant farmers did

53
Q

What did tenant farmers on long leases signed during the war do after the French wars ended?

A

Saw their profits fall and had to cut wages and numbers of hired hands

54
Q

What caused the many farming bankruptcies of the 1820s?

A

Price fluctuations, landowners who had borrowed large sums to pay for enclosure, better drainage, new buildings overwhelmed by debt repayment

55
Q

Why was there never a shortage of labour on the land in the early 19th century despite mass migration to cities and lower wages?

A

Increasing population

56
Q

What is a major factor in the slow rate of agricultural progress in the early 19th century?

A

Innovations which occurred in one region would often take years to spread

57
Q

Who first invented the threshing machine?

A

Andrew Meikle

58
Q

When and where was the first threshing machine invented?

A

1778, Houston Mill near Dunbar in East Lothian

59
Q

When did threshing machines come into general use across the country?

A

1820s

60
Q

What happened when threshing machines were widely adopted across the country?

A

Labourers feared for their jobs, so attacked and destroyed them

61
Q

Who did Andrew Meikle depend on to publicise his threshing machine and why?

A

Local landowners, as he was only a humble millwright

62
Q

What was the most popular method of crop rotation by the 1820s?

A

A variation of the Norfolk system developed at Holkham Hall by Thomas Coke, alternating turnips and clover with barley and wheat

63
Q

What trade principles did Liverpool’s government work based on and why?

A

Laissez faire principles, as they thought that wages and prices would naturally settle at a level most efficient for the market without state interference

64
Q

What is an example of government hypocrisy over laissez faire during Liverpool’s administration?

A

The Corn Laws, which regulated the price of wheat

65
Q

Why were the budgets of 1824 and 1825 important?

A

They were the first to apply the principles of free trade

66
Q

Who were the budgets of 1824 and 1825 mainly the work of?

A

William Huskisson and J.F. Robinson

67
Q

What measures were introduced in the 1824 and 1825 budgets?

A
  • Customs duties lowered on raw materials used in textile and metal industries
  • Protective duties abolished
  • Prohibitions on manufactured goods entering Britain abolished
  • Substitution of prohibition of import of silk goods for 30% duty
  • Raw wool allowed to be exported for first time
68
Q

What were the effects of measures introduced in the 1824 and 1825 budgets?

A

Freed trade from tariffs and regulations, encouraged expansion of trade

69
Q

What happened when Huskisson modified the Navigation Code?

A

Got rid of anachronistic (old fashioned) restrictions on trading in foreign ships but maintained that all trade within the Empire had to be on British ships

70
Q

What did the 1823 Reciprocity Act do?

A

Encouraged trade treaties with other countries on basis of mutual tariff reductions, set up preferential duties for raw materials from the colonies such as Indian silk or Australian wool

71
Q

What did the free trade measures of the 1820s do?

A

Stimulated industry and trade, lower prices in manufactured goods, increase in British exports and shipping, reduced smuggling

72
Q

What did Liverpool blame for the end of the ‘commercial upturn’ in 1825?

A

Speculation where investors were overconfident in buying domestic and foreign assets, which then fell in value

73
Q

What did the Bank Act of 1826 do?

A

Made it legal for banks other than the Bank of England to operate as joint-stock banks, meaning that they could issue notes and had a more robust foundation than small private banks

AQA A Level History Industrialisation and the People: Britain 1783-1885 (1F) (27 decks)

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