Chapter 9 - Economic developments 1812-32 Flashcards
1
Q
When was the Reciprocity Treaty signed?
A
1823
2
Q
When in the 1820s was there a commercial crisis?
A
1825
3
Q
When was the Bank Act introduced?
A
1826
4
Q
What was coal production in 1815?
A
~16 million tons
5
Q
What was coal production in 1830?
A
Just under 30 million tons
6
Q
By 1830, around what proportion of coal was being used in the iron industry?
A
Around half
7
Q
How many tons of coal did it take to produce 1 ton of pig iron in 1800?
A
8 tons
8
Q
How many tons of coal did it take to produce 1 ton of pig iron in 1830?
A
3.5 tons
9
Q
How much did imports of raw cotton increase by from 1815 to 1830?
A
Two to threefold
10
Q
What happened to export of manufactured cotton from 1815 to 1830?
A
It increased
11
Q
What percentage of the industrial workforce was engaged in the cotton industry by the 1830s?
A
~30%
12
Q
What percentage of all British exports were textiles by the 1830s?
A
70%
13
Q
What proportion of Britain’s imports did raw cotton account for by the 1830s?
A
Around 1/5
14
Q
When was the first steamship launched?
A
1838
15
Q
What was the tonnage of ships built and registered in Britain in 1820?
A
66,700
16
Q
What was the tonnage of ships built and registered in Britain in 1830?
A
75,500
17
Q
Did the % of coal being exported from Britain increase or decrease from 1800 to the 1830s?
A
Increased slightly:
2% in 1800
2.2% in 1830
2.7% in 1835
18
Q
What was the UK population in 1811?
A
12 million
19
Q
What was the UK population in 1821?
A
Over 14 million
20
Q
What was the UK population in 1831?
A
16.3 million
21
Q
How much raw cotton was imported to Britain from 1810-19?
A
96 million lbs
22
Q
How much raw cotton was imported to Britain from 1820-29?
A
173 million lbs
23
Q
How many yards of cotton goods were exported from Britain from 1810-19?
A
227 million
24
Q
How many yards of cotton goods were exported from Britain from 1820-29?
A
320 million
25
What policies gave trade a boost during the 1820s?
Huskisson's free trade policies
26
What was a major factor in the increase of production in the 1820s and 30s?
Continuing development of steam power
27
What began to be in greater demand from the middle classes in the 1820s and 1830s?
Pottery and china
28
Why was the rate of population growth greater in urban areas than rural areas in the 1820s and 30s?
Migration to industrial towns for work and the greater number of early marriages and births in crowded towns and cities
29
Who made two important modifications to the power loom in 1803 and 1813?
William Horrocks
30
When did Richard Roberts develop a reliable, cast-iron power loom?
1822
31
How many power looms were in operation in 1803?
2400
32
How many power looms were in operation in 1833?
100,000
33
Who developed the hot-air blast furnace and when?
James Beaumont Nielson by 1828
34
How did the hot-air blast furnace work?
Heated the blast of air between the steam engine and furnace to a specific temperature, producing better quality iron and allowing raw coal to be used instead of coke, making the process cheaper and more efficient
35
Who invented the Davy lamp and when?
Sir Humphrey Davy in 1813
36
How did the Davy lamp work?
It inserted gauze around the naked flame, preventing explosion due to methane gas
37
What was done to improve coal mining safety in the early 1800s?
Apart from the Davy lamp and an air pump to improve ventilation, not much to be honest
38
What locomotive was invented in 1812, by who and where?
The Puffing Billy, by William Hedley in a Tyneside colliery
39
When and where did George Stephenson design his first locomotive?
Killingworth Colliery, Northumberland in 1814
40
Who was the engineer for the Stockton to Darlington and Liverpool to Manchester railways?
George Stephenson
41
Apart from locomotives, what is George Stephenson famous for inventing?
A safety lamp, similar to the Davy lamp, in 1815
42
What two industries did railways give a boost to in particular?
Iron and coal
43
Why was the railway one of the key developments of the industrial age?
Allowed goods and people to be transported at speed and low cost, increased employment, boosted coal and iron industries
44
What was Stephenson's famous engine which won the Rainhill Trials of 1829 with a speed of 30 mph called?
Rocket
45
What was George Stephenson's engineer son called?
Robert Stephenson
46
What were the Enclosure Acts?
Measures passed by Parliament compelling areas of farmland to be enclosed- many were passed during the French Wars, and this continued through the 1820s
47
Why was rent for enclosed land charged at a higher rate?
It was more valuable as the crops in enclosed fields gave a higher yield, there was less wastage of land, more control over soil fertilisation and more protection from hedging
48
What is mixed farming?
Crops and livestock on the same farm
49
Why did enclosure benefit farmers through its encouraging improved crop rotation?
This allowed for more mixed farming as a greater variety of cattle fodder, including winter feed, could be produced, and gave farmers greater security as heavy rains which ruined harvests would benefit the animals
50
What did greater security for farmers due to the benefits of enclosure mean for them?
Gave them higher profits for expansion and the confidence to invest in the latest farming techniques and experiments
51
Why was agriculture stimulated by the French wars?
Caused wheat prices to rise, so farmers planted as much as possible, even on less fertile land; disruption of war and rising population kept prices high
52
What happened in agriculture once the French wars ended?
Demand fell, the price of wheat fell, not as much land could be cultivated due to price, cheap foreign corn entered, things tenant farmers did
53
What did tenant farmers on long leases signed during the war do after the French wars ended?
Saw their profits fall and had to cut wages and numbers of hired hands
54
What caused the many farming bankruptcies of the 1820s?
Price fluctuations, landowners who had borrowed large sums to pay for enclosure, better drainage, new buildings overwhelmed by debt repayment
55
Why was there never a shortage of labour on the land in the early 19th century despite mass migration to cities and lower wages?
Increasing population
56
What is a major factor in the slow rate of agricultural progress in the early 19th century?
Innovations which occurred in one region would often take years to spread
57
Who first invented the threshing machine?
Andrew Meikle
58
When and where was the first threshing machine invented?
1778, Houston Mill near Dunbar in East Lothian
59
When did threshing machines come into general use across the country?
1820s
60
What happened when threshing machines were widely adopted across the country?
Labourers feared for their jobs, so attacked and destroyed them
61
Who did Andrew Meikle depend on to publicise his threshing machine and why?
Local landowners, as he was only a humble millwright
62
What was the most popular method of crop rotation by the 1820s?
A variation of the Norfolk system developed at Holkham Hall by Thomas Coke, alternating turnips and clover with barley and wheat
63
What trade principles did Liverpool's government work based on and why?
Laissez faire principles, as they thought that wages and prices would naturally settle at a level most efficient for the market without state interference
64
What is an example of government hypocrisy over laissez faire during Liverpool's administration?
The Corn Laws, which regulated the price of wheat
65
Why were the budgets of 1824 and 1825 important?
They were the first to apply the principles of free trade
66
Who were the budgets of 1824 and 1825 mainly the work of?
William Huskisson and J.F. Robinson
67
What measures were introduced in the 1824 and 1825 budgets?
- Customs duties lowered on raw materials used in textile and metal industries
- Protective duties abolished
- Prohibitions on manufactured goods entering Britain abolished
- Substitution of prohibition of import of silk goods for 30% duty
- Raw wool allowed to be exported for first time
68
What were the effects of measures introduced in the 1824 and 1825 budgets?
Freed trade from tariffs and regulations, encouraged expansion of trade
69
What happened when Huskisson modified the Navigation Code?
Got rid of anachronistic (old fashioned) restrictions on trading in foreign ships but maintained that all trade within the Empire had to be on British ships
70
What did the 1823 Reciprocity Act do?
Encouraged trade treaties with other countries on basis of mutual tariff reductions, set up preferential duties for raw materials from the colonies such as Indian silk or Australian wool
71
What did the free trade measures of the 1820s do?
Stimulated industry and trade, lower prices in manufactured goods, increase in British exports and shipping, reduced smuggling
72
What did Liverpool blame for the end of the 'commercial upturn' in 1825?
Speculation where investors were overconfident in buying domestic and foreign assets, which then fell in value
73
What did the Bank Act of 1826 do?
Made it legal for banks other than the Bank of England to operate as joint-stock banks, meaning that they could issue notes and had a more robust foundation than small private banks
