Chapter 3 - Economic developments Flashcards

1
Q

From what date is it generally accepted that rapid industrialisation occurred in the UK?

A

Around 1780

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How did the type of industrial production develop during the industrial revolution?

A

From small-scale production of goods, often in domestic surroundings, to large scale, factory based production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who coined the phrase ‘industrial revolution’ in 1884?

A

Arnold Toynbee

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What did the annual growth of industrial output in Britain increase to from the long term level of 2% in the 1780s?

A

3-4%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are two examples of goods which Britain was renowned for before the industrial revolution?

A
  1. Small metal goods from Birmingham
  2. Woollen cloth from Yorkshire
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What was Cornwall famous for mining in the 18th and 19th centuries?

A

Tin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which was the biggest market for British goods before the industrial revolution?

A

London, in part due to its large sea port

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What was Britain renowned for before the industrial revolution in terms of industry?

A

The variety and quality of its manufacturing industries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When was the East India Company founded?

A

1600

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

When was the power loom invented?

A

1789

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Who invented the power loom?

A

Edmund Cartwright

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What did Henry Cort invent in 1784?

A

A new process for the smelting of iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Who invented the Spinning Jenny?

A

James Hargreaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What was the population of Britain in 1801?

A

10.9 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What was the population of Britain in 1811?

A

12.6 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What did the rise in population lead to in the early parts of the industrial revolution?

A
  1. Larger available labour force
  2. Increased demand for food, clothing, housing and other commodities
  3. Increased production of manufactured goods (especially textiles) at low prices
  4. Stimulated agricultural output
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What did trade with the Empire make available during the early parts of the Industrial Revolution?

A

Capital available to borrow at low interest rates, which could be invested in existing industries or used to set up new enterprises

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How did Britain’s geography help it during the early Industrial Revolution?

A
  1. Fast flowing streams could be used to generate water power
  2. Plentiful coal and iron ore
  3. Navigable rivers to go along with new canals
  4. Island nature stimulated trade by sea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How did Britain’s relatively free and democratic society help it during the early Industrial Revolution?

A

Mean that people and goods could move freely around the country, so little hindrance to new ventures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What was the view of Arthur Young in regards to the population?

A

That the population was increasing, but that a healthy economy still existed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What did Thomas Malthus predict in 1798?

A

That the growth in British population would outstrip food production and cause massive social problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What were some explanations for the British population’s growth in the early 19th century?

A
  1. Agricultural improvements leading to a rise in food production
  2. Better quality food at lower prices raising living standards and leading to better health, lower infant mortality and increased longevity
  3. Industrialisation creating more jobs and meaning more young men could marry and have children earlier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Who was John Horrocks?

A

A textiles magnate who ran a successful spinning factory in the early 19th century using Samuel Crompton’s mule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What was John Horrocks responsible for introducing in 1803?

A

An all-metal version of the Power loom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What were the 5 towns?

A

Successful Staffordshire pottery towns which were amalgamated to form Stoke-on-Trent in 1910

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What was the cottage industry (in textiles)?

A

Where yarn or cloth were produced in people’s homes using spinning wheels or hand looms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What were some drawbacks of the domestic system of the cotton industry for the workers themselves?

A

Homes had to be kept cold and dark for the machines, machines took up a lot of room, lost wages through illness, long hours, no guarantee of wages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What were some drawbacks of the domestic system of the cotton industry for the nation’s economy?

A

Slow, products lacked quality control, production limited, little chance of expansion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Who invented the Water Frame?

A

Richard Arkwright

30
Q

When was the water frame invented?

A

1769

31
Q

What are some advantages of cotton over linen clothing?

A

Cheaper, more comfortable, easier to wash

32
Q

Which 2 areas was large-scale cotton manufacturing first established in and why?

A

Lancashire and Lanarkshire, because:

  1. Plenty of fast-flowing rivers
  2. Proximity to ports of Liverpool and Glasgow respectively
33
Q

Where was most raw cotton shipped from during the early industrial revolution?

A

The British West Indies

34
Q

What connected cotton factories to ports and towns?

A

A new canal system

35
Q

When was Samuel Crompton’s Mule invented?

A

1779

36
Q

What did Samuel Crompton’s mule produce?

A

Strong, fine, exceptionally high quality yarn

37
Q

What was by the 1820s recognised as the most important invention in spinning?

A

Samuel Crompton’s mule

38
Q

Why was the power loom important?

A

It addressed the imbalance between the spinning and weaving processes which had grown during the late 18th century

39
Q

What was the output of pig iron in 1788?

A

68,000 tons

40
Q

What was the output of pig iron in 1804?

A

250,000 tons

41
Q

Why did demand for iron increase during the late 18th and early 19th centuries?

A

Construction of new cotton mills which could accommodate larger machines, and of massive water wheels to power them

42
Q

Why were iron foundries built on the edge of coal fields?

A

To access coal as fuel cheaply and easily

43
Q

Which 4 areas had supplies of both iron ore and coal, causing them to be hubs of the coal and iron industries?

A
  1. The Black Country
  2. South Wales
  3. South Yorkshire
  4. Clydeside
44
Q

Who was John Wilkinson?

A

An entrepreneurial ironmaster who pioneered the use and manufacture of cast iron by using a steam engine to improve the efficiency of metal blasting

45
Q

What was the output of coal in the 1780s?

A

Around 7 million tons per year

46
Q

What was the output of coal in 1812?

A

Around 14 million tons

47
Q

When was the height of the canal era?

A

1780s

48
Q

What were some shortcomings of canals?

A

Difficult and expensive to construct, limited routes, froze in winter, slow to operate

49
Q

When was the first canal cut?

A

1759

50
Q

How long was the canal age?

A

Approximately 70 years

51
Q

What caused the end of the canal age?

A

Railways superseding the canal system

52
Q

What were the main sources of power up until the late 18th century?

A

Man, horse, wind and water

53
Q

What was a limitation of a factory owner using water to power his machines?

A

The factory had to be built close to a water source, and wasn’t transferable

54
Q

What made James Watt’s steam engine commercially viable when previous steam engines had not been?

A

It had a separate condenser, making the engine more efficient and circumventing the problems encountered by earlier designs

55
Q

When did James Watt invent a steam engine which used rotary motion?

A

1781

56
Q

Who did James Watt partner with to finance his steam engine?

A

Matthew Boulton, a Birmingham businessman

57
Q

How many steam engines did Watt and Boulton have in operation by 1800?

A

Hundreds

58
Q

What proportion of Watt’s steam engines were used in the cotton industry in 1800?

A

Less than 1/3

59
Q

Where are some examples of places that Watt’s steam engines were used?

A

Tin mines, coal mines, ironworks, breweries, distilleries and the engineering of canals

60
Q

What happened for the first time in 1800 in regards to the deployment of labour?

A

Less than half of people worked in agriculture, so for the first time more people were employed in industry than farming

61
Q

How much food was the average farm worker producing in 1800?

A

Enough to feed 2.5 people

62
Q

How much food was the average farm worker producing in 1700?

A

Enough to feed 1.7 people

63
Q

What was enclosure?

A

The system of dividing land into fields enclosed by walls or hedges, which replaced the old system of open strips

64
Q

What was an important factor in quickening the pace of agricultural improvement in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?

A

The enclosure movement

65
Q

What was the innovation made by Turnip Townshend?

A

Using turnips or clovers as a way of returning nutrients to soil previously used for other crops

66
Q

What useful innovation did enclosure help facilitate the introduction of?

A

Crop rotation

67
Q

What were some examples of new machinery in farming in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?

A

Seed drill, horse-drawn hoe, lighter-weight plow

68
Q

What were the 5 major improvements made to farming in the late 18th and early 19th centuries?

A
  1. New machinery
  2. Enclosure
  3. Crop rotation
  4. Better drainage
  5. Scientific stock-breeding of farm animals
69
Q

Who benefited most from the enclosure movement?

A

Large landowners and farmers who could buy up all the land, and tenant farmers, who were fewer in number but more prosperous and powerful than before

70
Q

Who benefited least from the enclosure movement?

A

The yeoman classes, who were poor and dwindling in numbers

71
Q

Why were the yeoman classes affected negatively by the enclosure movement?

A

They were unable to meet the costs and had to sell out to large landowners