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AQA A Level History Industrialisation and the People: Britain 1783-1885 (1F) > Chapter 15 - Pressures for change 1832-46 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - Pressures for change 1832-46 Flashcards

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1
Q

When was the London Working Men’s Association formed?

A

June 1836

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2
Q

Who were two figures who were influential in creating and launching the Chartist movement?

A

William Lovett and Francis Place

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3
Q

When was the Newport Rising?

A

3rd November 1839

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4
Q

When were the Plug Plot riots?

A

1832

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5
Q

What did Chartist agitation arise from?

A
  • Working class discontent at government reforms failing to improve their situation
  • Failure of the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union
  • Economic downturns and poor harvests
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6
Q

When in the 1830s were there poor harvests?

A

1836-37

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7
Q

Who were two middle-class supporters of the Chartist movement?

A

John Fielden and Richard Oastler

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8
Q

The failure of which 3 Whig reforms to improve their situation drove the working classes towards Chartism?

A
  1. 1832 Great Reform Act
  2. 1833 Factory Act
  3. 1834 Poor Law Amendment Act
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9
Q

What political group endorsed Chartism when it was launched in 1838?

A

The BPU

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10
Q

What were the 6 points of the People’s Charter?

A
  1. Universal male suffrage
  2. A secret ballot
  3. Annual parliaments
  4. No property qualifications for candidates
  5. Payment of MPs
  6. Constituencies to have equal numbers of voters
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11
Q

What newssheet did Feargus O’Connor own?

A

The Northern Star

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12
Q

What campaign was Feargus O’Connor involved in before Chartism?

A

O’Connell’s Irish repeal party

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13
Q

What view did Lovett take on Chartist leadership?

A

He was a moderate leader, and advocated persuasion rather than violence, as well as believing that education was vital in dealing with political and social problems

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14
Q

What method did Thomas Attwood think would give the Chartists the greatest chance of success?

A

Petitioning Parliament

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15
Q

Initially, where did the more extreme Chartists operate?

A

In poor Northern towns

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16
Q

What did Feargus O’Connor and his supporters believe should be used to get Parliament to accept the Charter?

A

Violence if necessary

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17
Q

How many signatures did the first People’s Charter get?

A

1,280,000

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18
Q

When was the first People’s Charter presented to Parliament?

A

July 1839

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19
Q

What happened when the first People’s Charter was presented in Parliament?

A

It was rejected by both Whigs and Tories

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20
Q

How was Chartism’s support reduced by 1840?

A

An economic upturn had reduced the discontent of working men

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21
Q

What confirmed middle-class fears about the Chartist movement?

A

The Newport Rising

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22
Q

How did Feargus O’Connor want to respond to the failure of the first petition?

A

With threats of intimidation and violence

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23
Q

What happened to William Lovett after the first People’s Charter was rejected?

A

He was imprisoned for sedition and disorder

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24
Q

By when was Feargus O’Connor established as popular leader of the Chartist movement?

A

1842

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25
Q

What led to an increase in support for the Chartist movement in 1842?

A

An economic downturn, which reignited working-class agitation

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26
Q

How many people supposedly signed the second Chartist petition?

A

3 million

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27
Q

What happened when the second Chartist petition was presented in Parliament?

A

It was ridiculed and dismissed

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28
Q

Where did the Plug Plot riots begin?

A

Ashton-under-Lyme

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29
Q

Why were the Plug Plot riots named so?

A

Because they involved knocking the boiler plugs out of factory steam engines to stop them working

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30
Q

Who gained ground at the expense of the Chartists between 1842 and 1846?

A

The trade unions and the Anti-Corn Law League

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31
Q

How did the Peel government deal with the Plug Plot riots?

A

By using the newly operational local police forces

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32
Q

How did the authorities see the Plug Plot riots?

A

As being subversive and conspiratorial

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33
Q

How did the Plug Plot riots help decrease Chartist activity?

A

Because of the many arrests and harsh sentences which they caused among

34
Q

How did Feargus O’Connor react to the Plug Plot riots?

A

By denouncing them in the Northern Star

35
Q

What caused a decrease in Chartist support between 1842 and 1846?

A

Another economic recovery

36
Q

Why was there often apathy towards Chartism from the working classes?

A

They did not see the connection between political reform and an improvement in their conditions

37
Q

When was the ‘Young Ireland’ group formed?

A

1844

38
Q

What did the dissatisfaction of the Irish centre round by the 1840s?

A

The Church, the land and their National Identity

39
Q

What did Peel promise in terms of Ireland in 1842 and why?

A

That he would pursue impartial policies, in an attempt to get the Catholics on his side and to diffuse Daniel O’Connell’s repeal campaign

40
Q

When and where was Daniel O’Connell arrested?

A

1843 at one of his ‘monster’ meetings

41
Q

What was the aim of the ‘Young Ireland’ group?

A

Repealing the Union with Britain

42
Q

When was there a rising in Ireland, caused by the ‘Young Ireland’ group?

A

1848

43
Q

What did the ‘Young Ireland’ rising coincide with?

A

Risings across Europe and renewed Chartist support

44
Q

How was the ‘Young Ireland’ rising dealt with?

A

It was put down by police, and more troops were deployed to Ireland

45
Q

What was there in the aftermath of the passing of the Poor Law Amendment?

A

A backlash of protest against the proposal to end outdoor relief

46
Q

What was the principal objection to the idea of ‘undeserving’ poor?

A

It was seen as unjust and immoral, and gave the poor little chance to improve their condition

47
Q

Why did protests and rioting immediately after the passing of the Poor Law Amendment Act have little impact?

A

They were mostly spontaneous, and lacked direction and leadership

48
Q

What silenced the Poor Law Amendment Act critics before 1837?

A

A noticeable drop in the rates bill

49
Q

What created greater support for the anti-Poor Law campaign in 1837?

A

A recession

50
Q

What was a well-organised anti-Poor Law organisation?

A

The South Lancashire Anti-Poor Law Association

51
Q

What radical did the South Lancashire Anti-Poor Law Association work closely with?

A

John Fielden

52
Q

Why did the anti-Poor Law movement fizzle out?

A

It faced competition from other protest groups such as the Chartists, failed to monopolise public attention and was weakened by the fact that the Act was applied more flexibly in the poorest areas

53
Q

What did Peel do to the Poor Law Amendment Act in 1842?

A

Extended it

54
Q

When was the Anti-Corn Law League founded?

A

1838

55
Q

Who were the leaders of the Anti-Corn Law League?

A

Richard Cobden and John Bright

56
Q

What did Richard Cobden and John Bright both own?

A

Large northern textile factories

57
Q

Who supported and financed the Anti-Corn Law League?

A

The manufacturing classes

58
Q

What was a key point in the success of the Anti-Corn Law League?

A

Well-organised finances meaning that they could provide a steady income for the type of campaign they wanted to run

59
Q

Why did the leaders of the Anti-Corn Law League choose to work through Parliament?

A

To avoid the pitfalls of other pressure groups

60
Q

What did the Anti-Corn Law League working though Parliament allow them to do?

A

Avoid any form of violence and gain the support of the churches

61
Q

What did every voter in Britain receive from the Anti-Corn Law League?

A

A pamphlet via post

62
Q

How were the Anti-Corn Law League’s speakers sent across the country?

A

Via train

63
Q

Why did the Anti-Corn Law League put forward parliamentary candidates?

A

So that their case could be heard in Parliament

64
Q

What were some arguments of the Anti-Corn Law League?

A
  • That it was a myth that the Corn Laws protected farmers, and in fact that they only protected inefficient ones
  • That cheaper bread would remove the need for greater wages, and would keep other prices steady
  • That the laws went against government policy of laissez faire
65
Q

What were some counter-arguments to those of the Anti-Corn Law League?

A

That repeal would damage the farming economy and cause widespread unemployment

66
Q

Who presented counter-arguments to those of the Anti-Corn Law League?

A

Landowners and farmers

67
Q

How had the Anti-Corn Law League distinguished themselves from the Chartists?

A

They had one simple demand, which they could demonstrate had support from a variety of social and political groups

68
Q

What convinced Peel to repeal the Corn Laws in the end?

A

The Irish Famine

69
Q

What caused the growing philanthropic movement in the second quarter of the 19th century?

A
  1. It was a response to massive economic and social change caused by industrialisation
  2. It was an indication of changing social attitudes
  3. Perceived lack of responsibility for the state to manage the welfare of its people
70
Q

What did leading social reformers of the mid-19th century largely oppose?

A

Political reform

71
Q

What did Edwin Chadwick do?

A
  • Was responsible for the 8-hour working day for children
  • Wrote ‘Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain’, which led to improved sanitation in the cities
72
Q

What did Lord Shaftesbury take over as leader of in 1833?

A

The 10 hour movement

73
Q

What bill did Lord Shaftesbury help get through Parliament in regards to mines?

A

One which ended the employment of women and children underground

74
Q

What caused anger at Lord Shaftesbury in regards to factory reform?

A

He was seen as responsible for the compromise 10.5 hour bills of 1850 and 1853, which many saw as a betrayal

75
Q

What ideology influenced Lord Shaftesbury especially strongly?

A

Evangelical Christianity

76
Q

What act did John Fielden aid in the passage of in 1847?

A

The Ten Hours Act

77
Q

What causes did John Fielden support?

A

Chartism and factory reform

78
Q

What movement was John Fielden against and why?

A

Poor Law reform, which he felt would depress the manufacturing industry

79
Q

What ideology influenced John Fielden?

A

Unitarian Christianity

80
Q

When were there economic slumps and upturns during this period (roughly)?

A

1837 - start of recession
1840 - start of upturn
1842 - start of slump
1842-46 - upturn

Recession = more chartism

AQA A Level History Industrialisation and the People: Britain 1783-1885 (1F) (27 decks)

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