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AQA A Level History Industrialisation and the People: Britain 1783-1885 (1F) > Chapter 4 - Social developments > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Social developments Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the traditional social order in Britain based on?

A

A small, wealthy, landowning elite comprising the monarch and aristocracy in authority over the rest of the population

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2
Q

What caused changes to the traditional social order in Britain during the early industrial revolution?

A

Rapid population growth, the effects of agricultural change, shift of population to urban areas, industrialisation

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3
Q

What emerged with the growing urban centres during the early industrial revolution?

A

A strong and growing middle class

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4
Q

Approximately what proportion of the population did the middle class make up in 1800?

A

25%

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5
Q

Who ran and organised the new industrial world during the early industrial revolution?

A

The middle class

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6
Q

How did the middle class mimic the upper classes during the early industrial revolution?

A

By building large town houses and adopting a pattern of social behaviour that mimicked the upper classes’

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7
Q

When did the Friendly Societies Act come into place?

A

1793

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8
Q

In what years were the French Wars going on?

A

1793-1815

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9
Q

In what years of the 1790s were there poor harvests in Britain?

A

1795 and 1796, then 1799 and 1800

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10
Q

When was the income tax first introduced during wartime and who was it unpopular with?

A

1798, the wealthier classes

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11
Q

When did Robert Owen take charge of New Lanark mills?

A

1800

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12
Q

When did the Combination Acts come into force?

A

1799 and 1800

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13
Q

What did the Combination Acts do?

A

Made it illegal for working class men to meet together to demand better wages and working conditions, as well as allowing people to be dealt with by magistrates instead of a jury

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14
Q

What class were the majority of the population in urban centres during the early industrial revolution?

A

Working class

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15
Q

When was the Speenhamland system of poor relief first introduced?

A

1795

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16
Q

What was the Speenhamland system of poor relief?

A

It supplemented wages with an allowance that varied according to the price of bread and the size of a labourer’s family

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17
Q

Why was the Speenhamland system ultimately a failure?

A

It became an unacceptable burden on parish rates

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18
Q

What 2 types of worker was the industrial workforce comprised of during the early industrial revolution?

A

Skilled craftsmen and unskilled labourers

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19
Q

What type of wage did the industrial workforce receive?

A

An hourly one, which would be higher than that of agricultural workers

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20
Q

Who usually subscribed to Friendly Societies?

A

Skilled craftsmen

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21
Q

What was one disadvantage shared by all classes of the new urban society during the early industrial revolution?

A

A lack of political rights and representation

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22
Q

What was the result of the lack of political rights for the urban population during the early industrial revolution?

A

A flourishing of enlightened ideas and an establishment of a scope for radicalism, demands for reform and disturbances in major cities

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23
Q

What had made rural landowners even more prosperous during the early industrial revolution?

A

Enclosure, agricultural improvements and excavation of mineral deposits, such as iron and coal, on their land

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24
Q

Who controlled most political, economic and social activity in rural districts during the early industrial revolution?

A

The landowning classes

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25
Q

Who made up the majority of the rural population during the early industrial revolution?

A

Landless agricultural workers

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26
Q

Who were the lowest paid section of the rural population during the early industrial revolution?

A

Landless agricultural workers

27
Q

What were landless agricultural workers resentful of during the early industrial revolution?

A
  1. The privileges of their landed proprietors
  2. The prosperity of the tenant farmers
  3. High rents
  4. Payment in kind
  5. The game laws preventing them supplementing their diet
  6. The fact that they often had to fall back on parish poor relief
28
Q

Who started up the New Lanark mills in 1784?

A

David Dale

29
Q

What did Asa Briggs suggest helped offset the tougher conditions in new factories?

A

Higher wages than under the old domestic system

30
Q

What did the male workforce of the new factories resent?

A

The factory owner, the machinery that was running their lives and usually the factory owner who was making money from their hard work

31
Q

What caused poor working conditions in the factories?

A

They were built with the machines, not the workers, in mind

32
Q

What made workers prone to lung infections in cotton factories?

A

The air had to be kept humid to prevent the threads snapping, and there was little ventilation

33
Q

What percentage of the industrial workforce were children during the early industrial revolution?

A

At least 20%

34
Q

How long did workers work per shift and week during the early industrial revolution?

A

12 hours or more per day, 6 days a week

35
Q

How young could worker in factories during the early industrial revolution be?

A

6 years

36
Q

What is an example of a job in a cotton mill which could only be done by small children?

A

Crawling under the machines in order to pick up pieces of thread

37
Q

Who made up the main part of the workforce in cotton mills during the early industrial revolution and why?

A

Women and children, because they were cheaper to employ and easier to discipline

38
Q

Was the employment of children in factories a new invention?

A

No, they had been employed in the old domestic system or on the land in conditions just as bad as in factories for many years

39
Q

What are some examples of why factories were unpleasant and/or places to work during the early industrial revolution?

A

There were no safety regulations in place, no guards on the machines, wooden machines could catch fire easily, discipline was harsh, workers could be fined for being late or slow, workers had to keep to a strict timetable

40
Q

What often happened to pauper children during the early industrial revolution?

A

They were taken to work in factories far from their home parish

41
Q

What was the average price change from 1788/92-1809/15?

A

+74.1%

42
Q

What was the average price change from 1809/15-1820/26?

A

-29.3%

43
Q

What was the average wage change from 1788/92-1809/15?

A

+63.1%

44
Q

What was the average wage change from 1809/15-1820/26?

A

-10.6%

45
Q

What did the war with France from 1793-1815 cause in terms of wages?

A

A stagnation of average real wages

46
Q

What compounded bad harvests in the mid-to-late 1790s?

A

The war making it difficult to import grain from Europe

47
Q

What was the price of grain in Britain in the early 1790s?

A

~£2.70 per quarter

48
Q

What was the average price of grain in Britain between 1811 and 1814?

A

~£4.70 per quarter

49
Q

What did the British grain price peak at in 1812?

A

£6.30 per quarter

50
Q

What was a burden on the poorer classes between 1793 and 1815?

A

Taxation being raised on consumer goods

51
Q

What unpopular suggestion did Pitt make when the war with France helped push up bread prices?

A

That labourers eat meat, which was beyond most of their means, instead (and that the rich import their food)

52
Q

What created hardships for the lower classes during the war with France?

A

Food shortages, price rises and the unsteady job market

53
Q

What were Friendly Societies?

A

Groups of workmen who provided insurance for themselves and their families against sickness, old age or death

54
Q

What did the Friendly Societies Act of 1793 do?

A

It gave members of Friendly Societies legal rights to hold meetings and have their funds protected

55
Q

What were trade societies?

A

The forerunner of modern trade unions, they were made up of members who paid a subscription, and were part of a network which kept them in touch with the job market and gave them help in sickness or unemployment

56
Q

What was the main destination of people moving from small market towns, villages and farms during the early industrial revolution?

A

The expanding industrial towns of Northern England

57
Q

What was a result of the trade societies starting to adapt to different working conditions?

A

Improved efficiency and organisation and them becoming less localised, bigger and more powerful

58
Q

What type of society began to spring up in London and most large industrial towns in the wake of the French Revolution?

A

Corresponding Societies

59
Q

Who were typical of the men who joined new Corresponding Societies after 1789?

A

Journeymen and Artisans

60
Q

Why did the government outlaw Corresponding Societies in the late 18th century?

A

Legally on the basis that they were ‘unlawful combinations’, but really because the government was nervous of republican plots

61
Q

What was discussed at Corresponding Societies in the late 18th century?

A

Events in France, as well as ideas of freedom and democracy

62
Q

In 1799, what pushed the government into further tough action, and ultimately led to the Combination Acts?

A

A petition presented to the House of Commons by the master millwrights of London, complaining about their journeymen threatening to strike

63
Q

Was there any opposition to the Combination Acts in parliament?

A

No- Fox’s Whigs were scared of radicals too

AQA A Level History Industrialisation and the People: Britain 1783-1885 (1F) (27 decks)

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