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AQA A Level History Industrialisation and the People: Britain 1783-1885 (1F) > Chapter 23 - Social developments 1946-85 > Flashcards

Chapter 23 - Social developments 1946-85 Flashcards

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1
Q

When was Charles Darwin’s ‘On the Origin of the Species’ published?

A

1859

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2
Q

When was ‘Self-Help’ published?

A

1859

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3
Q

Who wrote ‘Self-Help’?

A

Samuel Smiles

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4
Q

What percentage of the population lived and worked in urban areas by 1871?

A

65%

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5
Q

Was the rate of change more rapid in the towns or the countryside (in general)?

A

In the towns

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6
Q

When was the Salvation Army founded?

A

1878

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7
Q

When did the first Barnado’s home open?

A

1867

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8
Q

Who founded the Salvation Army?

A

William Booth

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9
Q

What was an issue adversely affecting many rural areas throughout the 19th century?

A

Depopulation as people left for work in the cities

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10
Q

Who was responsible for creating the first London sewer system?

A

Joseph Bazalgette

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11
Q

What are two examples of simple commodities which were much more readily available in towns by the 1870s?

A

Soap and matches

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12
Q

What 3 fresh foods became more readily available in the cities by the late 19th century due to the railways?

A

Meat, milk and fresh vegetables

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13
Q

What are 4 examples of public institutions which local authorities were opening in the towns by the 1870s?

A

Parks, libraries, wash houses, baths

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14
Q

When was Bazalgette’s sewer system first opened in London?

A

1865

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15
Q

What was Parliament’s decision to accept Bazalgette’s proposal on sewers largely down to?

A

The Great Stink of 1858

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16
Q

What was the most important effect of the construction of Bazalgette’s sewer system?

A

Reduction in mortality rates in London

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17
Q

What was the trend in both birth and death rates after 1865?

A

Both began to decline

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18
Q

What opened the way to greater working-class prosperity after 1865?

A

Lower birth rates meaning smaller family sizes

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19
Q

What group led the decline in birth rates after 1865, to be followed by the working classes?

A

The middle class

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20
Q

What economic instrument did Gladstone introduce in 1861?

A

Post Office banks

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21
Q

Who generally had to turn to government relief such as the workhouse by the 1860s and 1870s?

A

The unskilled working class

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22
Q

What caused increased rents to exceed the means of most workers by the late 19th century?

A

Lack of commitment in towns to improve housing causing demand to outstrip the amount of housing available

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23
Q

When was the Torrens act?

A

1868

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24
Q

Why was there little enthusiasm for a program of slum clearance by the 1860s and 1870s?

A

There was not sufficient profit in it for landowners

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25
Q

How did the Treasury attempt to boost house-building in 1866?

A

Offered loans to local authorities for house-building

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26
Q

What did the 1868 Torrens Act do?

A

Bound landlords to keep property in a good state of repair

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27
Q

What city was the exception to the general apathy towards housing improvements by the late 1800s?

A

Birmingham, where Joseph Chamberlain carried out improvements in housing and municipal buildings

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28
Q

Who suggested the concept of Britain being ‘two nations’ in 1845?

A

Disraeli, in his book ‘Sybil’

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29
Q

When was the Bank Holiday Act?

A

1871

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30
Q

The wages of industrial workers rose on average by what between 1850 and 1875?

A

50%

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31
Q

How much did prices rise between 1850 and 1875?

A

20%

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32
Q

Based on the relative rises in wages and prices between 1850 and 1875, what was the percentage rise in real wages for industrial workers in this time?

A

30%

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33
Q

In what period did the wages of farm labourers drop to a low point?

A

1878-1886

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34
Q

From what point did the real wages of farm labourers rise?

A

1860

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35
Q

What was the best money wage an agricultural labourer could expect by the late 19th century?

A

~20 shillings per week

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36
Q

What form of payment somewhat made up for the meagerness of agricultural wages?

A

Payment in kind of food, housing or fuel

37
Q

What did the dependence of agricultural labourers on their employers for housing sometimes lead to?

A

Them being stuck with basic or squalid housing

38
Q

What 5 things encouraged rural depopulation?

A
  1. Higher wages in towns
  2. Shorter working hours in towns
  3. Greater ease of movement thanks to the development of the railways
  4. Mechanisation and other improvements reducing need for agricultural labour
  5. Increased demand for urban labour
39
Q

What working hours became gradually introduced for urban workers in the 1870s?

A

The 5 1/2 day week

40
Q

What did the 5 1/2 day week give industrial workers and what industry did this boost?

A

Gave them more leisure time, boosting the tourist industry

41
Q

What are 4 examples of counties which suffered serious rural depopulation?

A

Cornwall, Shropshire, Somerset and Westmorland

42
Q

What did rural depopulation lead to in those counties which were particularly badly affected?

A

Local economic stagnation and a fall in the wages of farm workers, leading to their wages dropping below those of farm workers elsewhere in the country

43
Q

What did the 1872 Scottish Education Act do according to Marshall?

A

Anglicise the Gaelic speakers of Ireland and Scotland or speakers of Welsh, in order to prepare them for urban life

44
Q

What made Gaelic almost obsolete in Scotland in Ireland?

A

Steady rural depopulation

45
Q

What caused the Crofters’ War?

A

Disproportionately high rents

46
Q

Why were crofters in the Scottish Highlands left behind during the golden age of farming?

A

Because the railway system failed to connect them to the rest of the country

47
Q

When was the Crofters’ War?

A

1882

48
Q

What were 2 consequences of the Crofters’ isolation?

A

They were largely ignorant of new farming methods and financially unable to make improvements

49
Q

What 4 values did Evangelicalism encourage?

A

Thrift, sobriety, industry and self-sacrifice

50
Q

What 2 doctrines had a strong impact on Victorian society by the mid-19th century?

A

Evangelicalism and Self-Help

51
Q

In what social classes did Evangelicalism have its firmest support in the Anglican church?

A

The upper and middle classes

52
Q

Who was an example of a leading upper-class Anglican Evangelical?

A

Lord Shaftesbury

53
Q

What caused the informal split in the Anglican church in the mid-19th century?

A

Some of the clergy taking up Evangelicalism

54
Q

How was the Anglican church informally split?

A

Into the ‘Low Church’ Evangelicals and the more formal ‘High Church’

55
Q

When was the Oxford Movement founded?

A

1833

56
Q

What organisation was at the heart of ‘High Church’ evangelicalism?

A

The Oxford Movement

57
Q

Would Queen Victoria have been classed as ‘High Church’ or Evangelical?

A

She was a classic member of the Evangelical ‘Low Church’

58
Q

What was a widespread belief which caused resentment against the ‘High-Church’ Anglicans?

A

That they were too closely aligned with Roman Catholicism

59
Q

Who were 2 examples of famous charitable Evangelicals (other than Lord Shaftesbury)?

A

William Booth and Thomas Barnardo

60
Q

What was church attendance across the entire population by 1851?

A

Little over 50%

61
Q

What religious group were particularly keen churchgoers?

A

Evangelicals

62
Q

What lead to a substantial decline in religion in Britain after 1859?

A

The publishing of Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution

63
Q

Who were the Pre-Raphaelites?

A

A group of artists who harked back to a purer, more natural early expression in art, and tried to appeal to working men (with limited success)

64
Q

What were Samuel Smiles’ 4 key values?

A
  1. Sense of duty
  2. Strength of character
  3. Thrift
  4. Helping oneself rather than depending on others
65
Q

By when was the idea of Laissez-Faire and individualism being questioned?

A

1870

66
Q

When was the first Trades Union Congress held?

A

1868

67
Q

When was Forster’s Education Act?

A

1870

68
Q

What did Forster’s Education Act do?

A

Set up provision for elementary schools around the country

69
Q

When was Sandon’s Education Act?

A

1876

70
Q

When was Mundella’s Education Act?

A

1880

71
Q

What was the cumulative effect of Sandon’s and Mundella’s Education Acts?

A

Education made compulsory for all children up to age 10

72
Q

When was the Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act?

A

1875

73
Q

What did the Conspiracy and Protection of Property Act do?

A

Altered conspiracy laws so that unions could no longer be prosecuted for doing something collectively that would be legal if done by an individual, and effectively gave unions the right to strike

74
Q

In what decade of the mid-1800s was there a revival in trade unionism?

A

1850s

75
Q

What was the main sort of union by the 1850s?

A

Small craft unions with respectable leaders who saw themselves as the elite of the working classes

76
Q

Through what 3 measures did the small craft unions of the 1850s aim to improve working conditions?

A

Self-help, self-improvement and self-education

77
Q

How did small craft unions win the respect of Liberal leaders like Gladstone?

A

By solving their disputes via peaceful bargaining rather than violence

78
Q

After what year did the Trades Union Congress become an annual event?

A

1871

79
Q

What was the point of the Trades Union Congress?

A

To bring pressure to bear on the government to give unions legal recognition

80
Q

What 2 things had weakened the unions in the 1860s?

A
  1. Dishonest officials
  2. Violent behaviour of some striking members
81
Q

What 2 pieces of legislation cost the Liberals their working-class support at the 1874 election?

A

The 1871 Trade Unions Act and the 1871 Criminal Law Amendment Act

82
Q

How do historians explain Gladstone passing the Criminal Law Amendment Act?

A

Because he abhorred violence or the threat of it due to his faith, and thought striking could encourage this

83
Q

How did the direction of the trade union movement begin to change in the 1880s?

A

It saw the beginning of the organisation of unskilled workers, and a militant approach with striking as the first line of attack

84
Q

What contributed to the growth in union membership in the late 1870s and early 1880s?

A

The uncertain economic climate

85
Q

What 2 things boosted the confidence of unskilled unionists in the 1870s and 1880s?

A
  1. The spread in lower-class education after 1870
  2. Many unskilled labourers being given the vote in 1884
86
Q

What was there a fear amongst the upper classes that education would increase?

A

Social mobility

87
Q

What did Utilitarian reformers such as Henry Brougham regard as an essential part of a progressive society?

A

Improvements in education

88
Q

What did factory legislation passed in 1850 sanction?

A

A 60-hour week for 13-18 year olds

89
Q

What 2 organisations championed a permissive education act in the 1850s and 1860s?

A

The National Public Schools’ Association and the national Education League

AQA A Level History Industrialisation and the People: Britain 1783-1885 (1F) (27 decks)

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