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AQA A Level History Industrialisation and the People: Britain 1783-1885 (1F) > Chapter 21 - Pressure for change 1946-85 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 - Pressure for change 1946-85 Flashcards

1
Q

Where was the employment of children still unregulated by the mid-19th century?

A

In small workshops

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2
Q

What was arguably the most pressing social problem by the mid-19th century?

A

The state of housing in slum districts, as well as the health hazards caused by overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions in these areas

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3
Q

What 9 areas did philanthropists and voluntary groups campaign for change in in the mid-19th century?

A
  1. Conditions in coal mines
  2. Conditions in factories
  3. Improvements in application of poor law
  4. National system of education
  5. Relief of destitute
  6. Relief of mentally ill
  7. Relief of orphans
  8. Better housing conditions
  9. Better health provision
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4
Q

When did the 10 hour act regulating factory hours pass?

A

1847

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5
Q

Why was the 1850 Factory Act necessary?

A

To close a loophole in the previous 10 hour act

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6
Q

What workplace did the 1871 Factory Act extend to?

A

Brickfields

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7
Q

When did the Chimney Sweepers Act pass?

A

1875

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8
Q

Who was instrumental in getting the Chimney Sweepers Act passed?

A

Lord Shaftesbury (Anthony Ashley Cooper)

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8
Q

Which 2 people were instrumental in getting Russell’s government to set up a Board of Health as part of the 1848 Public Health reform?

A

Edwin Chadwick and Lord Shaftesbury

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9
Q

What 3 areas did the Social Science Association focus on?

A
  • Public health
  • Penal reform
  • Education for women
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10
Q

For what 2 reasons was charitable activity for the poor popular among the Victorian middle classes?

A

Eased consciences and perpetuated the idea of self-help

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11
Q

When was the Charity Organisation Service set up?

A

1869

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12
Q

What was the purpose of the Charity Organisation Service?

A

To ensure that only the ‘deserving’ received charitable help, and to further allow these people to help themselves

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13
Q

When and where was the first outbreak of cholera in Britain?

A

Sunderland in 1832

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14
Q

Who made up the majority of the members of the Reform League?

A

It was mainly working-class and had strong trade union support, as well as a few wealthy middle-class backers

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15
Q

What was Edwin Chadwick’s economic reasoning behind the 1848 Public Health Act?

A

He thought if the health of the poor was to improve, fewer would need poor relief, saving money for the government and local authorities

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16
Q

What did the 1848 Public Health Act do?

A

Set up a General Board of Health in London, as well as Local Boards of Health in areas where the death rate was above the national average

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17
Q

What did the 1848 Public Health Act class as an unacceptably high death rate for an area?

A

Over 23 deaths per 1000 per year

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18
Q

When was the General Health Board dissolved?

A

1858

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19
Q

What non-human factor was instrumental in getting the 1848 Public Health Act passed?

A

A large cholera outbreak

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20
Q

What did an 1871 Royal Commission on sanitary matters recommend?

A

That the previously fragmented Sanitary Law be made uniform

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21
Q

2 factors that stimulated the revival of the Chartists in the late 1840s?

A
  1. Economic depression of 1847
  2. Revolutions occurring around Europe at this time
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22
Q

What was a feature of the British Constitution which O’Connor drew upon alongside the 3rd Chartist Petition?

A

It made Britain a republic with himself as President

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23
Q

How many signatures did the 3rd Chartist Petition have?

A

6 million

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24
Where was a mass meeting arranged before the 3rd Chartist petition was due to be presented to Parliament?
Kennington Common
25
How did the government react to the 3rd Chartist Petition?
They deployed troops to London
26
Was there a mass march to accompany the 3rd Chartist petition?
No- O'Connor caved to advice that the petition be carried by a few representatives, and the march itself was blocked by government forces
27
Was the 3rd Chartist petition successful?
No- the movement was deflated, and fell away after this final defeat
28
What type of pressure groups drew away support from the Chartists?
Better-organised ones
29
What did a lack of funds make it impossible for Chartists to use?
The latest means of communication, such as the railways and penny post
30
What frightened away middle-class support for the Chartists and what did this exacerbate?
Violence, with a lack of middle-class support worsening the funding crisis
31
What was a significant contributory factor to the poor organisation of the Chartists?
The fact that the majority of them were illiterate
32
What prevented a resurgence of the Chartist movement after 1847?
There was a period of sustained economic improvement, and even once it ended by 1873 half of the original 6-point charter (enfranchisement of the skilled working class, secret ballot and removal of the property qualification to stand as MP) had been passed anyway
33
What reasons were there for public pressure on the government in 1867, when the 2nd reform bill passed?
- A bad harvest - A serious disease outbreak in cattle, raising food prices - A financial crisis in the City
34
What does Asa Briggs think caused the 2nd Reform Bill to be introduced in 1867?
A 'break in economic prosperity' causing increased popular pressure on the government for reform
35
What 2 types of people had their influence within the Liberal party in the 1860s?
Commercial and industrial members
36
What offered encouragement to Radical reform groups during the 1860s?
The fact that Gladstone had become convinced of the need for reform, and had begun to lead the Liberals in this direction
37
How did successful Liberal businessmen seek to extend their political power during the 1860s?
Via the redistribution of seats, as most lived in underrepresented urban areas
38
What Radical MP increased his influence on Gladstone during the 1860s?
John Bright
39
What did Disraeli and the Tories see reform as an opportunity for during the 1860s?
As an opportunity to win the support of the wider electorate
40
What two factors influenced the Liberals into supporting the extension of the franchise to the skilled working classes by the 1860s?
Improvement in their standard of living and level of education
41
Why did some Liberal MPs have a vested interest in seat redistribution?
Those from manufacturing areas knew that it would increase their political influence
42
What was forcing reform onto the political agenda by the 1860s?
Demographic changes
43
Whose visit to London in 1864 spurred forward the interest in reform in British politics?
Giuseppe Garibaldi, hero of the Italian unification movement
44
When was the Reform League set up?
February 1865
45
What led to the Reform League being set up?
The authorities' repressive response to meetings of people listening to Giuseppe Garibaldi
46
What was the aim of the Reform League (and its two specific goals)?
To work towards democracy via universal male suffrage and a programme of radical reform
47
Whose pressure helped support that of the Reform League?
Leading union men in the London Trades Council, who met in 1866 and started to campaign for reform
48
When was the Reform Union formed?
April 1864
49
Which of the Reform League and Reform Union was more successful?
Reform League
50
Who made up the majority of the membership of the Reform Union?
Middle-class people
51
What created tension between the Reform League and Reform Union?
The class divide between their membership
52
What two specific things did the Reform Union call for?
Secret ballot and redistribution of seats
53
Who encouraged the Reform League and Reform Union to work together?
John Bright
54
What did the Reform League do when Parliament rejected Gladstone's 1866 Reform Bill?
Organised demonstrations nationwide
55
What caused significant alarm in July 1866?
There was an outbreak of violence near Hyde Park after a Reform League meeting with a huge crowd was prevented from taking place
56
When was the second massive Reform League meeting in London?
May 1867
57
What may have been a critical short-term factor in causing Disraeli to implement political reform in 1867?
The huge Reform League meetings
58
What did Disraeli realise which made him implement the Second Reform Act?
That Gladstone would implement it himself as soon as he got back into power, so the Conservatives would be better off taking the credit
59
When was the 2nd Reform Act implemented?
August 1867
60
When did Fenianism begin in Ireland?
1858
61
Who were the Fenians?
Militant but romantic Irish nationalists who wanted a repeal of the Act of Union
62
Where did the Fenians emerge from?
The remains of the Young Ireland group, as well as the political legacy of the Famine
63
Where was the Fenian Brotherhood initially set up?
North America
64
When and where was the Irish Republican Brotherhood set up?
1858 in Ireland
65
Amongst what group was there significant Fenian support in England and Scotland?
The Irish immigrant populations of Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester
66
What number of members did the Fenians claim at their height?
80,000
67
Who were the 'Manchester Martyrs'?
Three ringleaders of a fatal attack on a prison van in an attempt to free the Fenian Thomas Kelly. The three were executed
68
Who organised the 1867 Fenian Rising in England?
Thomas Kelly
69
Was the 1867 Fenian Rising successful?
No, it achieved very little at the time
70
Where were there Fenian disturbances in 1867?
England and Ireland
71
What unintended positive effect came from the failed 1867 Fenian rising?
Those imprisoned for their roles suffered harsh conditions and long sentences, and gained sympathy from many who had previously opposed the Fenians. Also lead to rise of Isaac Butt
72
What was the Amnesty Association?
Organisation set up by Isaac Butt to keep fate of Irish political prisoners in public eye
73
What view did Gladstone hold over the Fenian risings?
Made him want to identify the cause of the violence and look for reform to bring peace to Ireland
74
When did Isaac Butt form the Amnesty Association?
1868
75
When did Isaac Butt form the Home Rule league?
1873
76
When did Michael Davitt form the Land League?
1879
77
When did Charles Parnell emerge as the leader of the Irish Nationalists?
1879
78
What brought Gladstone's attention to the urgency of the situation in Ireland?
The Fenian risings
79
How many Irish MPs were elected on a Home Rule platform in 1874?
59
80
What was the aim of Gladstone's Irish reforms during his first ministry?
Suppressing Fenian demands for home rule by addressing Irish grievances
81
What problems did Gladstone's Irish reforms during his first ministry tackle?
Lack of equal and fair treatment in religion and land
82
For what 3 reasons were the Irish Catholics still dissatisfied despite Gladstone's Irish reforms of his first ministry?
They were still poor, still oppressed by the Protestant landlords and still easy prey for violent anti-English extremists
83
How did Butt believe that Home Rule should be achieved?
Through peaceful means
84
What effect did the 1870s agricultural depression have on Ireland?
Caused lots of evictions of tenant farmers
85
What did the Land League direct?
The agitation of Irish tenants against eviction, and their refusal to pay rents
86
What organisation was Michael Davitt a member of (apart from the Land League)?
IRB
87
What did the Land League bring pressure on Gladstone's new government to do?
Introduce Irish land reform
88
When and why did Charles Parnell take over as leader of the Home Rule League?
1879 after the death of Isaac Butt
89
Whose pressure directly contributed to Gladstone introducing the 1881 Land Act?
Charles Parnell
90
What organisation was loosely allied with the Land League and what effect did this have?
Home Rule League, gave great momentum to Home Rule
91
What did Gladstone's 1884 and 1885 Reform Acts do?
Extended the franchise in Ireland, which consolidated the position of Parnell and his Irish Nationalist Party

AQA A Level History Industrialisation and the People: Britain 1783-1885 (1F) (27 decks)

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