Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AQA A Level History Industrialisation and the People: Britain 1783-1885 (1F) > Chapter 21 - Pressure for change 1946-85 > Flashcards

Chapter 21 - Pressure for change 1946-85 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® U.S. History flashcards European History 101 flashcards People You Should Know flashcards AP® European History flashcards AP® World History flashcards World History 102 flashcards U.S. History 102 flashcards World History 101 flashcards U.S. History 101 flashcards
1
Q

Where was the employment of children still unregulated by the mid-19th century?

A

In small workshops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What was arguably the most pressing social problem by the mid-19th century?

A

The state of housing in slum districts, as well as the health hazards caused by overcrowded and unsanitary living conditions in these areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What 9 areas did philanthropists and voluntary groups campaign for change in in the mid-19th century?

A
  1. Conditions in coal mines
  2. Conditions in factories
  3. Improvements in application of poor law
  4. National system of education
  5. Relief of destitute
  6. Relief of mentally ill
  7. Relief of orphans
  8. Better housing conditions
  9. Better health provision
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

When did the 10 hour act regulating factory hours pass?

A

1847

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why was the 1850 Factory Act necessary?

A

To close a loophole in the previous 10 hour act

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What workplace did the 1871 Factory Act extend to?

A

Brickfields

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

When did the Chimney Sweepers Act pass?

A

1875

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who was instrumental in getting the Chimney Sweepers Act passed?

A

Lord Shaftesbury (Anthony Ashley Cooper)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which 2 people were instrumental in getting Russell’s government to set up a Board of Health as part of the 1848 Public Health reform?

A

Edwin Chadwick and Lord Shaftesbury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What 3 areas did the Social Science Association focus on?

A
  • Public health
  • Penal reform
  • Education for women
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

For what 2 reasons was charitable activity for the poor popular among the Victorian middle classes?

A

Eased consciences and perpetuated the idea of self-help

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When was the Charity Organisation Service set up?

A

1869

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What was the purpose of the Charity Organisation Service?

A

To ensure that only the ‘deserving’ received charitable help, and to further allow these people to help themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

When and where was the first outbreak of cholera in Britain?

A

Sunderland in 1832

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Who made up the majority of the members of the Reform League?

A

It was mainly working-class and had strong trade union support, as well as a few wealthy middle-class backers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What was Edwin Chadwick’s economic reasoning behind the 1848 Public Health Act?

A

He thought if the health of the poor was to improve, fewer would need poor relief, saving money for the government and local authorities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What did the 1848 Public Health Act do?

A

Set up a General Board of Health in London, as well as Local Boards of Health in areas where the death rate was above the national average

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What did the 1848 Public Health Act class as an unacceptably high death rate for an area?

A

Over 23 deaths per 1000 per year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When was the General Health Board dissolved?

A

1858

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What non-human factor was instrumental in getting the 1848 Public Health Act passed?

A

A large cholera outbreak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What did an 1871 Royal Commission on sanitary matters recommend?

A

That the previously fragmented Sanitary Law be made uniform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

2 factors that stimulated the revival of the Chartists in the late 1840s?

A
  1. Economic depression of 1847
  2. Revolutions occurring around Europe at this time
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What was a feature of the British Constitution which O’Connor drew upon alongside the 3rd Chartist Petition?

A

It made Britain a republic with himself as President

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

How many signatures did the 3rd Chartist Petition have?

A

6 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Where was a mass meeting arranged before the 3rd Chartist petition was due to be presented to Parliament?

A

Kennington Common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How did the government react to the 3rd Chartist Petition?

A

They deployed troops to London

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Was there a mass march to accompany the 3rd Chartist petition?

A

No- O’Connor caved to advice that the petition be carried by a few representatives, and the march itself was blocked by government forces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Was the 3rd Chartist petition successful?

A

No- the movement was deflated, and fell away after this final defeat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What type of pressure groups drew away support from the Chartists?

A

Better-organised ones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What did a lack of funds make it impossible for Chartists to use?

A

The latest means of communication, such as the railways and penny post

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What frightened away middle-class support for the Chartists and what did this exacerbate?

A

Violence, with a lack of middle-class support worsening the funding crisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What was a significant contributory factor to the poor organisation of the Chartists?

A

The fact that the majority of them were illiterate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What prevented a resurgence of the Chartist movement after 1847?

A

There was a period of sustained economic improvement, and even once it ended by 1873 half of the original 6-point charter (enfranchisement of the skilled working class, secret ballot and removal of the property qualification to stand as MP) had been passed anyway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What reasons were there for public pressure on the government in 1867, when the 2nd reform bill passed?

A
  • A bad harvest
  • A serious disease outbreak in cattle, raising food prices
  • A financial crisis in the City
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What does Asa Briggs think caused the 2nd Reform Bill to be introduced in 1867?

A

A ‘break in economic prosperity’ causing increased popular pressure on the government for reform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What 2 types of people had their influence within the Liberal party in the 1860s?

A

Commercial and industrial members

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What offered encouragement to Radical reform groups during the 1860s?

A

The fact that Gladstone had become convinced of the need for reform, and had begun to lead the Liberals in this direction

37
Q

How did successful Liberal businessmen seek to extend their political power during the 1860s?

A

Via the redistribution of seats, as most lived in underrepresented urban areas

38
Q

What Radical MP increased his influence on Gladstone during the 1860s?

A

John Bright

39
Q

What did Disraeli and the Tories see reform as an opportunity for during the 1860s?

A

As an opportunity to win the support of the wider electorate

40
Q

What two factors influenced the Liberals into supporting the extension of the franchise to the skilled working classes by the 1860s?

A

Improvement in their standard of living and level of education

41
Q

Why did some Liberal MPs have a vested interest in seat redistribution?

A

Those from manufacturing areas knew that it would increase their political influence

42
Q

What was forcing reform onto the political agenda by the 1860s?

A

Demographic changes

43
Q

Whose visit to London in 1864 spurred forward the interest in reform in British politics?

A

Giuseppe Garibaldi, hero of the Italian unification movement

44
Q

When was the Reform League set up?

A

February 1865

45
Q

What led to the Reform League being set up?

A

The authorities’ repressive response to meetings of people listening to Giuseppe Garibaldi

46
Q

What was the aim of the Reform League (and its two specific goals)?

A

To work towards democracy via universal male suffrage and a programme of radical reform

47
Q

Whose pressure helped support that of the Reform League?

A

Leading union men in the London Trades Council, who met in 1866 and started to campaign for reform

48
Q

When was the Reform Union formed?

A

April 1864

49
Q

Which of the Reform League and Reform Union was more successful?

A

Reform League

50
Q

Who made up the majority of the membership of the Reform Union?

A

Middle-class people

51
Q

What created tension between the Reform League and Reform Union?

A

The class divide between their membership

52
Q

What two specific things did the Reform Union call for?

A

Secret ballot and redistribution of seats

53
Q

Who encouraged the Reform League and Reform Union to work together?

A

John Bright

54
Q

What did the Reform League do when Parliament rejected Gladstone’s 1866 Reform Bill?

A

Organised demonstrations nationwide

55
Q

What caused significant alarm in July 1866?

A

There was an outbreak of violence near Hyde Park after a Reform League meeting with a huge crowd was prevented from taking place

56
Q

When was the second massive Reform League meeting in London?

A

May 1867

57
Q

What may have been a critical short-term factor in causing Disraeli to implement political reform in 1867?

A

The huge Reform League meetings

58
Q

What did Disraeli realise which made him implement the Second Reform Act?

A

That Gladstone would implement it himself as soon as he got back into power, so the Conservatives would be better off taking the credit

59
Q

When was the 2nd Reform Act implemented?

A

August 1867

60
Q

When did Fenianism begin in Ireland?

A

1858

61
Q

Who were the Fenians?

A

Militant but romantic Irish nationalists who wanted a repeal of the Act of Union

62
Q

Where did the Fenians emerge from?

A

The remains of the Young Ireland group, as well as the political legacy of the Famine

63
Q

Where was the Fenian Brotherhood initially set up?

A

North America

64
Q

When and where was the Irish Republican Brotherhood set up?

A

1858 in Ireland

65
Q

Amongst what group was there significant Fenian support in England and Scotland?

A

The Irish immigrant populations of Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester

66
Q

What number of members did the Fenians claim at their height?

A

80,000

67
Q

Who were the ‘Manchester Martyrs’?

A

Three ringleaders of a fatal attack on a prison van in an attempt to free the Fenian Thomas Kelly. The three were executed

68
Q

Who organised the 1867 Fenian Rising in England?

A

Thomas Kelly

69
Q

Was the 1867 Fenian Rising successful?

A

No, it achieved very little at the time

70
Q

Where were there Fenian disturbances in 1867?

A

England and Ireland

71
Q

What unintended positive effect came from the failed 1867 Fenian rising?

A

Those imprisoned for their roles suffered harsh conditions and long sentences, and gained sympathy from many who had previously opposed the Fenians. Also lead to rise of Isaac Butt

72
Q

What was the Amnesty Association?

A

Organisation set up by Isaac Butt to keep fate of Irish political prisoners in public eye

73
Q

What view did Gladstone hold over the Fenian risings?

A

Made him want to identify the cause of the violence and look for reform to bring peace to Ireland

74
Q

When did Isaac Butt form the Amnesty Association?

A

1868

75
Q

When did Isaac Butt form the Home Rule league?

A

1873

76
Q

When did Michael Davitt form the Land League?

A

1879

77
Q

When did Charles Parnell emerge as the leader of the Irish Nationalists?

A

1879

78
Q

What brought Gladstone’s attention to the urgency of the situation in Ireland?

A

The Fenian risings

79
Q

How many Irish MPs were elected on a Home Rule platform in 1874?

A

59

80
Q

What was the aim of Gladstone’s Irish reforms during his first ministry?

A

Suppressing Fenian demands for home rule by addressing Irish grievances

81
Q

What problems did Gladstone’s Irish reforms during his first ministry tackle?

A

Lack of equal and fair treatment in religion and land

82
Q

For what 3 reasons were the Irish Catholics still dissatisfied despite Gladstone’s Irish reforms of his first ministry?

A

They were still poor, still oppressed by the Protestant landlords and still easy prey for violent anti-English extremists

83
Q

How did Butt believe that Home Rule should be achieved?

A

Through peaceful means

84
Q

What effect did the 1870s agricultural depression have on Ireland?

A

Caused lots of evictions of tenant farmers

85
Q

What did the Land League direct?

A

The agitation of Irish tenants against eviction, and their refusal to pay rents

86
Q

What organisation was Michael Davitt a member of (apart from the Land League)?

A

IRB

87
Q

What did the Land League bring pressure on Gladstone’s new government to do?

A

Introduce Irish land reform

88
Q

When and why did Charles Parnell take over as leader of the Home Rule League?

A

1879 after the death of Isaac Butt

89
Q

Whose pressure directly contributed to Gladstone introducing the 1881 Land Act?

A

Charles Parnell

90
Q

What organisation was loosely allied with the Land League and what effect did this have?

A

Home Rule League, gave great momentum to Home Rule

91
Q

What did Gladstone’s 1884 and 1885 Reform Acts do?

A

Extended the franchise in Ireland, which consolidated the position of Parnell and his Irish Nationalist Party

AQA A Level History Industrialisation and the People: Britain 1783-1885 (1F) (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions