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AQA A Level History Industrialisation and the People: Britain 1783-1885 (1F) > Chapter 20 - Government and democracy > Flashcards

Chapter 20 - Government and democracy Flashcards

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1
Q

When did Gladstone become Liberal leader?

A

1866

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2
Q

When was Gladstone PM?

A

1868-74
1880-85

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3
Q

When was Disraeli PM?

A

1874-80

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4
Q

When did Disraeli become Commons leader of the Conservatives?

A

1866

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5
Q

Who was Gladstone’s political hero?

A

Peel

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6
Q

What party did Gladstone originally belong to?

A

The Tories

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7
Q

What faction of the Liberal Party did Gladstone belong to when it formed?

A

The Peelites

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8
Q

What was Gladstone’s catchphrase?

A

‘Peace, Retrenchment and Reform’

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9
Q

What were Gladstone’s personal principles based on?

A

Religion and his admiration for Peel

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10
Q

What did the ‘Peace’ part of Gladstone’s policy entail?

A

He thought maintaining peace with foreign nations would allow trade and industry to develop unhindered, as well as meaning taxation could be more easily controlled

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11
Q

What was Gladstone’s view on income tax?

A

He wanted to abolish it

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12
Q

How was taxation viewed by the Liberals?

A

As depriving people of the freedom to spend money as they wished

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13
Q

What did ‘retrenchment’ mean?

A

Reduction of government spending

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14
Q

What did the ‘reform’ part of Gladstone’s policy entail?

A

Bringing about changes in laws and institutions which interfered with personal freedoms

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15
Q

What 3 doctrines were key to Gladstonian Liberalism?

A
  1. Self-help
  2. Laissez-faire
  3. Free Trade
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16
Q

What parts of Gladstone’s support had been alienated by his policies of 1868-74 and why?

A

The middle class industrialists and merchants, who were alarmed at what they saw as Gladstone’s wooing of the working classes

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17
Q

Who brought Disraeli to power in 1874?

A

The artisan class, as well as disaffected middle-class Liberal voters

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18
Q

What political reform came in 1869?

A

Women ratepayers were allowed to vote in local elections

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19
Q

What was the 1870 Forster’s Education Act and why was it important?

A
  • Made provision for elementary schools to be set up across the country
  • Gave provision for girls to attend school

Important as represented a step away from laissez-faire in social legislation, as well as setting precedent for role of state in education of children

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20
Q

Why was it important to have better provision for education by the time of Gladstone’s first ministry?

A

Help make Britain’s workforce more internationally competitive, would help bring a more articulate electorate in line with the 1867 extension of the franchise

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21
Q

What did the 1870 Married Women’s Property Act do?

A

Gave married women legal status and allowed women to keep a proportion of their own earnings

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22
Q

What did the 1870 Civil Service Act do?

A

Introduced the principle of entry by competitive examination, and gave bright young men from ordinary backgrounds the chance of a steady career

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23
Q

What advantage did Gladstone’s administrative reforms in the army, civil service and judiciary have?

A

Brought greater efficiency across these areas

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24
Q

Who supported the 1870 Civil Service Act?

A

Many middle-class Liberals

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25
Q

What did Caldwell’s 1871 Army reforms do?

A

Abolished the system of purchase of commissions

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26
Q

Who did Gladstone’s administrative reforms annoy?

A

Traditional Whigs

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27
Q

What did the 1873 Judicature Act do?

A

Introduce administrative reforms into the judiciary system, similar those which had previously occurred in the civil service under his leadership

28
Q

What position did Edward Caldwell hold in 1871?

A

Secretary for War

29
Q

What did the Trade Union Act of 1871 do?

A

Established the legal right of unions to hold property and funds and have them protected by law

30
Q

What did the 1871 Criminal Law Amendment Act do?

A

Made any form of picketing illegal, and essentially banned action which the now-legal trade unions took to implement their objectives

31
Q

Who did the 1871 Criminal Law Amendment Act annoy?

A

The working-class supporters (especially artisans) of the Liberals

32
Q

What did the 1872 Licensing Act do?

A

Gave magistrates the power to issue licenses to publicans that would fix opening and closing hours, so nothing too drastic

33
Q

Who did the 1872 Licensing Act annoy and why?

A

Both sides- temperance groups thought it didn’t go far enough, whilst brewers and distillers thought it attacked their industry

34
Q

What ramifications did the 1872 Licensing Act have beyond Gladstone’s first ministry?

A

Caused brewers and distillers to vote Conservative and give to Conservative party funds in future

35
Q

What was the basic principle of Disraeli’s ‘Tory Democracy’?

A

Maintaining Conservative support of established institutions such as the Anglican Church and the Monarchy, whilst supporting some degree of political reform

36
Q

When did Disraeli first appear to support a policy of Tory social reform?

A

At a speech to the National Union at Crystal Palace in 1872

37
Q

What changes did Disraeli make to the Tory party whilst out of office from 1868-74?

A

Improved its organisation

38
Q

Who helped bring the Conservatives to power in 1874?

A

The artisan classes, although the electorate as a whole were sick of Gladstone’s endless reform

39
Q

What did the 1875 Artisans’ Dwellings Act do?

A

Gave the local authority the power to purchase, clear then redevelop slums

40
Q

What 2 things seriously weakened the 1875 Artisans’ Dwellings Act?

A

The lack of a compulsory purchase order, and the fact that many city councils chose to ignore it

41
Q

What was the long term importance of the 1875 Artisans’ Dwellings Act?

A

Established the principle of state intervention with regards to private dwellings, marked the beginning of local authority housing

42
Q

Who opposed the 1875 Public Health Act?

A

Supporters of laissez-faire

43
Q

What did the 1875 Public Health Act do?

A
  • Pulled together all existing sanitary legislation
  • Laid down minimum standards of drainage, sewage disposal and refuse
  • Appointed a Medical Officer of Health
44
Q

What did the 1875 Employers and Workmen Act do?

A

Introduced a contract of service which gave employees terms that were on par with those of employers

45
Q

What did the 1874 and 1878 Factory Acts do?

A
  • Consolidated previous Factory Acts
  • Set code of regulations for conditions in factories
  • Brought all industries in line with standards of textile industry
  • Reduced hours for women and young people (which in turn reduced men’s working hours indirectly)
46
Q

What group did Disraeli’s reforms benefit most?

A

The emerging working classes

47
Q

What helped the working classes have their voices heard more often by the 1870s?

A

The growing influence of trade unions, and the improved provision of education

48
Q

What does it mean that much of Gladstone and Disraeli’s legislation was permissive rather than compulsory?

A

That it facilitated change rather than insisting upon it

49
Q

What was the population of Britain by 1850?

A

Around 21 million

50
Q

How large was the electorate by 1850?

A

Under 1 million

51
Q

What made some redistribution of seats vital by the second half of the 19th century?

A

The rapid increase in population and continuing urbanisation

52
Q

What did the 1866 Reform Bill propose?

A

A relaxation of the voting qualification to give skilled workers and smallholders the vote

53
Q

Who threw out the proposed 1866 Reform Bill?

A

A group within the Liberal Party, who claimed that reform would give the vote to the ‘ignorant’

54
Q

What 2 things happened when the proposed 1866 Reform Bill was rejected?

A

The Liberal government resigned, and the Reform League held demonstrations across the country

55
Q

What did the 1867 Reform Act do?

A

Increased the number of voters from 1.2 to 2.5 million (roughly 1/3 of the adult male population) and implemented some limited seat redistribution

56
Q

Who were still excluded from voting after the 1867 Reform Act?

A

Women, unskilled workers, agricultural workers

57
Q

Who were the main group to gain the vote via the 1867 Reform Act?

A

Skilled workers

58
Q

Why was Lancaster disenfranchised after 1867?

A

It had spent £14,000 to bribe its 1400 voters in a general election

59
Q

When was the Secret Ballot Act introduced?

A

1872

60
Q

What did the 1883 Corrupt Practices Act do?

A

Closed legal loopholes which had allowed corruption to continue unchecked, such as by setting a specific limit for candidates’ election expenses, and introducing stiff penalties for lawbreakers

61
Q

What did the 1884 3rd Reform Act do?

A

Removed the property qualification for voting, established a uniform franchise for boroughs and counties

62
Q

What was the size of the electorate before and after the 1884 3rd Reform Act?

A

3 million before, 6 million after

63
Q

What 2 significant groups were enfranchised by the 3rd Reform Act?

A

Miners and agricultural workers

64
Q

What was the population by 1884?

A

35 million

65
Q

What proportion of men were enfranchised by 1884?

A

2/3

66
Q

What did the 1885 Redistribution Act do?

A

Brought to an end the disparity between urban and rural areas in terms of representation

AQA A Level History Industrialisation and the People: Britain 1783-1885 (1F) (27 decks)

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