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AQA A Level History Industrialisation and the People: Britain 1783-1885 (1F) > Chapter 12 - Greater democracy > Flashcards

Chapter 12 - Greater democracy Flashcards

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1
Q

What did Attwood believe that the BPU would be strengthened by?

A

Class cooperation

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2
Q

What was the July Revolution of 1830?

A

Where the French King Charles X was deposed in favour of Louis Phillipe, a progressive aristocrat.

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3
Q

What did the July Revolution spark?

A

A revolution in neighbouring Belgium

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4
Q

Who founded the Birmingham Political Union?

A

Thomas Attwood

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5
Q

When was the Birmingham Political Union founded?

A

1829

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6
Q

Under whom did a Whig Government take power in November 1830?

A

Lord Charles Grey

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7
Q

When were the Swing Riots subdued?

A

1831

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8
Q

What previous cabinet post did Charles Grey hold?

A

Foreign Secretary under Grenville in 1806-7

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9
Q

Did Charles Grey campaign for or against Catholic Emancipation?

A

For

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10
Q

What relationship did Grey have with King George IV?

A

They were sworn enemies; it was only upon his death that Grey was incited to become PM

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11
Q

What did Grey announce in the dying days of Wellington’s government?

A

That he intended to introduce a measure of parliamentary reform

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12
Q

What was the composition of Grey’s cabinet?

A

Mostly came from the House of Lords, reflecting continued aristocratic dominance of Whigs, but contained several Canningites to ensure a majority in the Commons

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13
Q

Who was James Mill?

A

A political theorist (1773-1836) who attacked the aristocratic elite’s dominance of parliament and believed that political power should be extended to the middle classes, as well as saying that the rights of ordinary people were threatened by repressive laws and unfair taxes

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14
Q

Who was appointed Grey’s Foreign Secretary and what were his political views?

A

Viscount Palmerston, a Canningite Tory with moderate reforming views

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15
Q

Why did Grey make Henry Brougham a peer and appoint him Lord Chancellor?

A

So that he could employ his talents as a brilliant lawyer and orator, but also contain his radicalism

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16
Q

Who was Grey’s Home Secretary and what was he responsible for?

A

Lord Melbourne, responsible for the hard line taken with rioters

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17
Q

Who did Grey appoint to Cabinet nepotistically?

A

His son-in-law Lord Durham, a.k.a. ‘Radical Jack’

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18
Q

How did Grey deal with the Swing Rioters?

A

He created special commissions, which handed down heavy sentences of transportation or death

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19
Q

When was the Great Reform Bill first introduced and defeated in Commons?

A

March 1831

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20
Q

What happened when the Great Reform Bill was defeated in Commons in March 1831?

A

Parliament was dissolved

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21
Q

What happened after Parliament was dissolved in March 1831?

A

A new election was held in May 1831, and the Whigs gained a 135 seat majority

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22
Q

What happened in June 1831?

A

Another, slightly amended bill was introduced, and passed through the House of Commons

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23
Q

What were some demands of radical reformers in the early 19th century?

A

Universal male suffrage, equal electoral districts, secret ballot, payment of MPs, annual elections and abolition of property qualifications to stand as MP

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24
Q

What was the belief amongst many Whigs in 1830 and 1831 about parliamentary reform?

A

That some measure of political innovation was necessary, or uncontrollable change might overwhelm the existing social order

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25
Q

What was the belief amongst most Tories in 1830 and 1831 about Parliamentary Reform?

A

Any sort of parliamentary reform was a recipe for social disaster

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26
Q

What did Whigs and moderate radicals see as the ‘perfect solution’ to parliamentary reform in the early 1830s?

A

Moderate reform; getting rid of the worst rotten boroughs and giving representation to larger industrial towns

27
Q

What happened in October 1831?

A

The majority-Tory House of Lords rejected the reform bill, causing serious rioting to break out around the country

28
Q

Who founded the National Political Union in 1831?

A

Francis Place

29
Q

What did Attwood strongly feel?

A

That Parliament needed more experienced businessmen who had an idea of the economic needs of the country

30
Q

What did the BPU do?

A

Put non-violent pressure on the government to carry through reform

31
Q

What was a feature of the Leeds Radical Political Union?

A

It was anti-capitalist

32
Q

How did political unions put pressure on the government to pass the Great Reform Act?

A

Petitions, mass meetings, demonstrations and sometimes rioting

33
Q

What made the middle classes change from accepting that political power lay in the hands of the aristocracy to believing that they should have some of said power?

A

Their growth in numbers and prosperity thanks to the industrial revolution

34
Q

Which two writers’ work influenced the middle classes in regards to parliamentary reform in the early 19th century?

A

Bentham and James Mill

35
Q

What did Mill say in ‘Essays on Government’ in 1825?

A

He was critical of the dominance of aristocracy in government

36
Q

Why did Bentham, using his principle of utilitarianism, criticise the pre-1832 form of government?

A

He said it failed to achieve the ‘greatest happiness for the greatest number’, as it only satisfied the needs of a minority (the aristocrats)

37
Q

Why did the middle classes often dismiss the working classes in the fight for parliamentary reform?

A

They believed that they were not educated enough to vote

38
Q

Why is it speculated that the working classes’ interest in politics fell away after the 1820s?

A

Because of economic improvements

39
Q

Who drew up the Great Reform Bill?

A

A group of 4 pro-reform Whigs: Lord John Russell, Lord Durham, Lord Brougham and Lord Althorp

40
Q

What was Lord Althorpe’s government position in 1831?

A

Leader of the Commons

41
Q

At what stage of the Commons was the Great Reform Bill defeated in March 1831?

A

Committee stage

42
Q

What are some specific examples of unrest after the Reform Bill was rejected in October 1831?

A

The Dukes of Wellington and Newcastle (both prominent anti-reformists) had their houses attacked by mobs, and the centre of Bristol was destroyed by an out-of-control crowd

43
Q

What happened to the Great Reform Bill in May 1832 in Parliament? (at first)

A

It was revised and again rejected by the Lords

44
Q

What did Grey ask the King to do after the Great Reform Bill was rejected in May 1832?

A

Create 50 new peers to force the bill through Lords

45
Q

Where were there mass demonstrations in May 1832?

A

Birmingham, London and Manchester

46
Q

What happened when the King refused to create 50 new peers in May 1832?

A

Grey resigned and Wellington was asked to form a ministry but failed, causing Grey to return as PM

47
Q

What happened after Grey returned as PM in May 1832?

A

The King agreed to create peers if the Lords failed to pass the Bill again, but the Lords passed it

48
Q

When did the Great Reform Bill become law?

A

June 1832

49
Q

How many men were enfranchised by June 1832?

A

Around 652,000, approximately 1/6 of the adult male population

50
Q

How many rotten boroughs lost either one or both of their MPs thanks to the Great Reform Bill?

A

86 (30 one, 56 both)

51
Q

What was the borough franchise standardised to by the Great Reform Bill ?

A

All male 10 pound householders

52
Q

How was the county franchise affected by the Great Reform Bill?

A

Old 40 shilling freehold remained and was extended to include 10 pound copyholders and 50 pound tenants-at-will

53
Q

How many new boroughs were created by the Great Reform Bill?

A

42 (22 with two MPs, 20 with one)

54
Q

How many MPs was Scotland given by the Great Reform Bill?

A

12

55
Q

How many MPs was Wales given by the Great Reform Bill?

A

5

56
Q

What problems remained after the Great Reform Bill?

A

Still no secret ballot, so bribery and corruption continued; counties still dominated by landed gentry, class composition of Commons did not greatly alter, most of population and all of working classes still had no vote

57
Q

What proportion of MPs in the Commons came from the landed classes a decade after the Great Reform Bill?

A

70%

58
Q

Why did the Great Reform Bill provide an important landmark in parliamentary reform?

A

It pinpointed the start of Britain’s move towards becoming a democratic society

59
Q

What were some problems with the Register of Electors introduced after the Great Reform Bill?

A

Many wouldn’t pay the one shilling registration fee, and there were no properly paid officials to organise it

60
Q

What happened to Thomas Attwood after the Great Reform Bill?

A

He became an MP for Birmingham

61
Q

How was polling day affected by the Great Reform Bill?

A

It was reduced from a maximum of 15 days to just 2

62
Q

How was the disparity between rural south and industrial north after the Great Reform Bill?

A

Less, but the south was still over, and the north under, represented

63
Q

How was political power affected by the Great Reform Bill?

A

It was the end of the monopoly of political power of the landed classes, and gave the urban middle classes a share of it

AQA A Level History Industrialisation and the People: Britain 1783-1885 (1F) (27 decks)

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