Chapter 9 Flashcards
1
Q
Richter (1922) and others
A
The body generates its own cycles of activity and inactivity
2
Q
rhythm that prepares animal for seasonal changes
A
endogenous circannual rhythm
3
Q
rhythms that last about a day
A
endogenous circadian rhythms
4
Q
Behaviors subject to circadian rhythms:
A
waking & sleeping eating & drinking urination secretion of hormones sensitivity to drugs others (e.g., body temp)
5
Q
rhythm that occurs when no stimuli reset or alter it
A
free-running rhythm
6
Q
effect of staying up all night
A
feel sleepier and sleepier as the night goes on; as sun comes up become more alert
7
Q
the stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm
A
zeitgeber
8
Q
Dominant zeitgeber for land animals
A
light
9
Q
other zeitgebers
A
exercise, noise, meals, temp. of environment
10
Q
Going east to west
A
we Phase-delay our circadian rhythms
11
Q
going west to east
A
we phase-advance our rhythms
12
Q
a disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones
A
jet lag
13
Q
ppl who sleep irregularly
A
shift work
14
Q
stress elevates adrenal hormone ____
A
cortisol
15
Q
effects of cortisol
A
damages neurons in the hippocampus
16
Q
part of the hypothalamus (basic body functions); provides the main control of the circadian rhythms for sleep and body temperature
A
Suprachasmatic nucleus (SCN)
17
Q
damage to the SCN
A
less consistent body rhythms that are no longer synchronized to environmental patterns of light and dark
18
Q
cells have their own photopigment
A
melanospin
19
Q
2 types of genes are responsible for generating the circadian rhythm
A
period and timeless
20
Q
produce proteins called PER
A
period
21
Q
produce proteins called TIM
A
timeless
22
Q
An endocrine gland located posterior to the thalamus
A
pineal gland
23
Q
influences both circadian and circannual rhythm
A
melatonin
24
Q
is a state that the brain actively produces
A
sleep
25
o Characterized by a moderate decrease in brain activity and decreased response to stimuli
sleep
26
extended period of unconsciousness characterized by low brain activity that remains fairly steady
coma
27
person alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal but no awareness of surrounding
vegetative state
28
person shows little response to stimuli
coma
29
some autonomic arousal to painful stimulus, but no purposeful activity or response to speech
veg. state
30
one stage higher than a veg. state marked by occasional brief periods of purposeful action and limited speech comprehension
minimally conscious state
31
brain dead; no sign of brain activity and no response to any stimulus
brain death
32
impaired ability to breathe while sleeping
sleep apnea
33
condition characterized by frequent periods of sleepiness during day
narcolepsy
34
characterized by repeated involuntary movement of the legs and sometimes the arms
periodic limb movement disorder
35
ppl w/this disorder move around vigorously during REM periods, apparently acting out their dreams
REM behavior disorder
36
experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror
night terrors
37
Common and harmless
sleep talking
38
runs in families and occurs mostly in children
sleepwalking
39
analogous condition is sleep sex; ppl engage in sexual behavior during a sleeplike state and don't remember it afterward
sexsomnia
40
as close to being dead w/o actually being dead
brain death
41
records average of the electrical potentials of the cells and fibers in the brain areas nearest each electrode on the scalp
electroencophalograph (EEG)
42
a combo of EEG and eye-movement records
polysomnograph
43
have frequency of 8 to 12 per sec.
alpha waves
44
have characteristics of relaxation, not of all wakefulness; present when one begins a state of relaxation
alpha waves
45
EEG is dominated by irregular, jagged, low-voltage waves
stage 1 sleep
46
sleep has just begun; brain activity begins to decline
stage 1 sleep
47
characterized by sleep spindles and k-complexes
stage 2 sleep
48
result from oscillating interactions between cells in the thalamus and the cortex
sleep spindle
49
12 to 14-Hz waves during a burst that lasts at least half a second
sleep spindle
50
a sharp high amplitude negative wave followed by a smaller, slower positive wave
k-complex
51
stages 3 and 4 constitue
slow wave sleep (SWS)
52
more than half the record includes lrg waves of at least .5 second duration
by stage 4
53
EEG recording of slow, lrg amplitude wave, highly synchronized neuronal activity, slowing of heart rate, breathing rate, and brain activity
stages 3 and 4 (SWS)
54
discovered and named paradoxical sleep
jouvet
55
periods of rapid eye movement during sleep
REM sleep
56
REM
rapid eye movement
57
deep sleep in some ways, but light sleep in other ways
paradoxical sleep
58
synonymous to REM
paradoxical sleep
59
EEG shows irregular, low voltage fast waves that indicate increased neuronal activity. however, postural muscles of body are more relaxed than in other stages
REM sleep
60
stages other than REM are known as
non-REM (NREM) sleep
61
each cycle lasts approximately
90 minutes
62
part of reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal
pontomesencephalon
63
small structure in the pons that emits bursts of impulses in response to meaningful events, especially those that produce emotional arousal
locus coeruleus
64
neurotransmitter released by pathway from hypothalamic-axons releasing orexin extend to basal forebrain and other areas and stimulate neurons responsible for wakefulness
hypoctretin OR orexin
65
necessary for staying awake
orexin
66
other pathways from lateral hypothalamus regulate cells in ______
basal forebrain
67
provide axons that extend throughout thalamus and cerebral cortex- some release acetyocholine
basal forebrain cells
68
High amplitude electrical potentials
PGO waves
69
During REM sleep:
activity increases in pons & limbic system.
activity decreases in primary visual cortex, motor cortex, & dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, but increases in parts of parietal & temporal cortex.
REM sleep associated w/PGO waves.
70
REM sleep depends on relationship between _________
serotonin & acetylcholine
71
AKA inadequate sleep
insomnia
72
the best gauge of insomnia is how one feels the next day
insomnia
73
causes of insomnia
stress, noise, pain, diet, uncomfortable temps, medications.
Epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, brain tumors, depression, anxiety, or other disorders.
some cases relate to shifts in circadian rhythms.
74
has trouble falling asleep at usual time
rhythm is phase-delayed
75
falls asleep easily but awakens early
rhythm is phase-advanced
76
Causes of sleep apnea
genetics, hormones, old-age deterioration of the brain mechanisms that regulate breathing, obesity
77
4 main symptoms of narcolepsy
gradual or sudden attacks of sleepiness during the day.
occasional cataplexy.
sleep paralysis.
hypnagogic hallucinations.
78
attack of muscle weakness while person remains awake
cataplexy
79
inability to move while falling asleep or waking up
sleep paralysis
80
Why do we sleep; do you sleep b/c you get tired?
- You feel tired at end of the day because inhibitory processes in your brain force you to become less aroused and less alert.
81
People deprived of sleep
have trouble concentrating and become more vulnerable to illness
82
All species sleep- what benefit of sleep applies to all species?
HYPOTHESIS: sleep's original function was to save energy
83
Function of hibernation
to conserve energy while food is scarce
84
Role of GABA in sleep
decreasing the temp and metabolic rate; decreasing the stimulation of neurons
85
why do we remain unconscious when we sleep?
- When a neuron is active the increased GABA lvls cut the activity short and prevent axons from spreading stimulation to other areas; when stimulation doesn’t spread you don’t become conscious of it
86
Emotional system
limbic system
87
consequences of Sleep apnea
sleepiness during the day, impaired attention, depression, and sometimes heart problems
88
Hypnagogic hallucinations
dreamlike experiences
89
what happens when most of he brain wakes up while the pons remain in REM?
the result is your experience of being temporarily unable to move
90
- What about using tranquilizers as sleeping pills?
o Help ppl fall asleep, repeated use causes dependence and an inability to sleep w/o the pills
91
Functions of sleep:
energy conservation, restoration of the brain and body, memory consolidation
92
- A dream represents the brain’s effort to make sense of sparse and distorted information
The activation-synthesis hypothesis
93
Derived from clinical studies of brain-damaged patients
The clinico-anatomical hypothesis
