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Biological Psy. > Chapter 9 > Flashcards

Chapter 9 Flashcards

1
Q

Richter (1922) and others

A

The body generates its own cycles of activity and inactivity

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2
Q

rhythm that prepares animal for seasonal changes

A

endogenous circannual rhythm

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3
Q

rhythms that last about a day

A

endogenous circadian rhythms

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4
Q

Behaviors subject to circadian rhythms:

A 
waking & sleeping
eating & drinking
urination
secretion of hormones
sensitivity to drugs
others (e.g., body temp)
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5
Q

rhythm that occurs when no stimuli reset or alter it

A

free-running rhythm

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6
Q

effect of staying up all night

A

feel sleepier and sleepier as the night goes on; as sun comes up become more alert

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7
Q

the stimulus that resets the circadian rhythm

A

zeitgeber

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8
Q

Dominant zeitgeber for land animals

A

light

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9
Q

other zeitgebers

A

exercise, noise, meals, temp. of environment

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10
Q

Going east to west

A

we Phase-delay our circadian rhythms

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11
Q

going west to east

A

we phase-advance our rhythms

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12
Q

a disruption of circadian rhythms due to crossing time zones

A

jet lag

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13
Q

ppl who sleep irregularly

A

shift work

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14
Q

stress elevates adrenal hormone ____

A

cortisol

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15
Q

effects of cortisol

A

damages neurons in the hippocampus

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16
Q

part of the hypothalamus (basic body functions); provides the main control of the circadian rhythms for sleep and body temperature

A

Suprachasmatic nucleus (SCN)

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17
Q

damage to the SCN

A

less consistent body rhythms that are no longer synchronized to environmental patterns of light and dark

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18
Q

cells have their own photopigment

A

melanospin

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19
Q

2 types of genes are responsible for generating the circadian rhythm

A

period and timeless

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20
Q

produce proteins called PER

A

period

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21
Q

produce proteins called TIM

A

timeless

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22
Q

An endocrine gland located posterior to the thalamus

A

pineal gland

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23
Q

influences both circadian and circannual rhythm

A

melatonin

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24
Q

is a state that the brain actively produces

A

sleep

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25
Q

o Characterized by a moderate decrease in brain activity and decreased response to stimuli

A

sleep

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26
Q

extended period of unconsciousness characterized by low brain activity that remains fairly steady

A

coma

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27
Q

person alternates between periods of sleep and moderate arousal but no awareness of surrounding

A

vegetative state

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28
Q

person shows little response to stimuli

A

coma

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29
Q

some autonomic arousal to painful stimulus, but no purposeful activity or response to speech

A

veg. state

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30
Q

one stage higher than a veg. state marked by occasional brief periods of purposeful action and limited speech comprehension

A

minimally conscious state

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31
Q

brain dead; no sign of brain activity and no response to any stimulus

A

brain death

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32
Q

impaired ability to breathe while sleeping

A

sleep apnea

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33
Q

condition characterized by frequent periods of sleepiness during day

A

narcolepsy

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34
Q

characterized by repeated involuntary movement of the legs and sometimes the arms

A

periodic limb movement disorder

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35
Q

ppl w/this disorder move around vigorously during REM periods, apparently acting out their dreams

A

REM behavior disorder

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36
Q

experiences of intense anxiety from which a person awakens screaming in terror

A

night terrors

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37
Q

Common and harmless

A

sleep talking

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38
Q

runs in families and occurs mostly in children

A

sleepwalking

39
Q

analogous condition is sleep sex; ppl engage in sexual behavior during a sleeplike state and don’t remember it afterward

A

sexsomnia

40
Q

as close to being dead w/o actually being dead

A

brain death

41
Q

records average of the electrical potentials of the cells and fibers in the brain areas nearest each electrode on the scalp

A

electroencophalograph (EEG)

42
Q

a combo of EEG and eye-movement records

A

polysomnograph

43
Q

have frequency of 8 to 12 per sec.

A

alpha waves

44
Q

have characteristics of relaxation, not of all wakefulness; present when one begins a state of relaxation

A

alpha waves

45
Q

EEG is dominated by irregular, jagged, low-voltage waves

A

stage 1 sleep

46
Q

sleep has just begun; brain activity begins to decline

A

stage 1 sleep

47
Q

characterized by sleep spindles and k-complexes

A

stage 2 sleep

48
Q

result from oscillating interactions between cells in the thalamus and the cortex

A

sleep spindle

49
Q

12 to 14-Hz waves during a burst that lasts at least half a second

A

sleep spindle

50
Q

a sharp high amplitude negative wave followed by a smaller, slower positive wave

A

k-complex

51
Q

stages 3 and 4 constitue

A

slow wave sleep (SWS)

52
Q

more than half the record includes lrg waves of at least .5 second duration

A

by stage 4

53
Q

EEG recording of slow, lrg amplitude wave, highly synchronized neuronal activity, slowing of heart rate, breathing rate, and brain activity

A

stages 3 and 4 (SWS)

54
Q

discovered and named paradoxical sleep

A

jouvet

55
Q

periods of rapid eye movement during sleep

A

REM sleep

56
Q

REM

A

rapid eye movement

57
Q

deep sleep in some ways, but light sleep in other ways

A

paradoxical sleep

58
Q

synonymous to REM

A

paradoxical sleep

59
Q

EEG shows irregular, low voltage fast waves that indicate increased neuronal activity. however, postural muscles of body are more relaxed than in other stages

A

REM sleep

60
Q

stages other than REM are known as

A

non-REM (NREM) sleep

61
Q

each cycle lasts approximately

A

90 minutes

62
Q

part of reticular formation that contributes to cortical arousal

A

pontomesencephalon

63
Q

small structure in the pons that emits bursts of impulses in response to meaningful events, especially those that produce emotional arousal

A

locus coeruleus

64
Q

neurotransmitter released by pathway from hypothalamic-axons releasing orexin extend to basal forebrain and other areas and stimulate neurons responsible for wakefulness

A

hypoctretin OR orexin

65
Q

necessary for staying awake

A

orexin

66
Q

other pathways from lateral hypothalamus regulate cells in ______

A

basal forebrain

67
Q

provide axons that extend throughout thalamus and cerebral cortex- some release acetyocholine

A

basal forebrain cells

68
Q

High amplitude electrical potentials

A

PGO waves

69
Q

During REM sleep:

A

activity increases in pons & limbic system.
activity decreases in primary visual cortex, motor cortex, & dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, but increases in parts of parietal & temporal cortex.
REM sleep associated w/PGO waves.

70
Q

REM sleep depends on relationship between _________

A

serotonin & acetylcholine

71
Q

AKA inadequate sleep

A

insomnia

72
Q

the best gauge of insomnia is how one feels the next day

A

insomnia

73
Q

causes of insomnia

A

stress, noise, pain, diet, uncomfortable temps, medications.
Epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease, brain tumors, depression, anxiety, or other disorders.
some cases relate to shifts in circadian rhythms.

74
Q

has trouble falling asleep at usual time

A

rhythm is phase-delayed

75
Q

falls asleep easily but awakens early

A

rhythm is phase-advanced

76
Q

Causes of sleep apnea

A

genetics, hormones, old-age deterioration of the brain mechanisms that regulate breathing, obesity

77
Q

4 main symptoms of narcolepsy

A

gradual or sudden attacks of sleepiness during the day.
occasional cataplexy.
sleep paralysis.
hypnagogic hallucinations.

78
Q

attack of muscle weakness while person remains awake

A

cataplexy

79
Q

inability to move while falling asleep or waking up

A

sleep paralysis

80
Q

Why do we sleep; do you sleep b/c you get tired?

A
  • You feel tired at end of the day because inhibitory processes in your brain force you to become less aroused and less alert.
81
Q

People deprived of sleep

A

have trouble concentrating and become more vulnerable to illness

82
Q

All species sleep- what benefit of sleep applies to all species?

A

HYPOTHESIS: sleep’s original function was to save energy

83
Q

Function of hibernation

A

to conserve energy while food is scarce

84
Q

Role of GABA in sleep

A

decreasing the temp and metabolic rate; decreasing the stimulation of neurons

85
Q

why do we remain unconscious when we sleep?

A
  • When a neuron is active the increased GABA lvls cut the activity short and prevent axons from spreading stimulation to other areas; when stimulation doesn’t spread you don’t become conscious of it
86
Q

Emotional system

A

limbic system

87
Q

consequences of Sleep apnea

A

sleepiness during the day, impaired attention, depression, and sometimes heart problems

88
Q

Hypnagogic hallucinations

A

dreamlike experiences

89
Q

what happens when most of he brain wakes up while the pons remain in REM?

A

the result is your experience of being temporarily unable to move

90
Q
  • What about using tranquilizers as sleeping pills?
A

o Help ppl fall asleep, repeated use causes dependence and an inability to sleep w/o the pills

91
Q

Functions of sleep:

A

energy conservation, restoration of the brain and body, memory consolidation

92
Q
  • A dream represents the brain’s effort to make sense of sparse and distorted information
A

The activation-synthesis hypothesis

93
Q

Derived from clinical studies of brain-damaged patients

A

The clinico-anatomical hypothesis

Biological Psy. (21 decks)

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