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Biological Psy. > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system consists of 2 kinds of cells:

A

Neurons & glia

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2
Q

Cells which receive info from & transmit info to other cells

A

Neurons

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3
Q

The surface of a cell; a structure that separates the inside of the cell from the outside environment.
AKA plasma membrane

A

Membrane

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4
Q

The structure that contains the chromosomes; DNA center

A

Nucleus

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5
Q

The structure that performs metabolic activities, providing the energy that the cell requires for all other activities.

A

Mitochondrion

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6
Q

Sites at which the cells synthesize new proteins

A

Ribosomes

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7
Q

Some ribosomes float freely w/in the cell, others are attached to the__________ _________, a network of thin tubes that transport newly synthesized proteins to other locations.

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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8
Q

Receives excitation thru its dendrites & conducts msgs along its axon to a muscle- has its soma in the spinal cord.

A

Motor Neuron

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9
Q

Specialized at one end to be highly sensitive to a particular type of stimulation, such as light, sound, or touch.

A

Sensory neuron

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10
Q

Branching fibers; receives info from other neurons.

A

Dendrites

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11
Q

At which the dendrite receives info from other neurons.

A

synaptic receptors

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12
Q

The short outgrowths that increase the surface area available for synapses

A

Dendritic spines

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13
Q

Contains the nucleus, ribosomes, & mitochondria.

A

cell body; soma

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14
Q

Fatty substance; insulating sheath covering the axon.

A

myelin sheath

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15
Q

Brings info into a structure

A

afferent axon (starts w/A as in Admit)

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16
Q

carries info away from a structure

A

efferent axon (starts w/E as in Exit)

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17
Q

Neuron whose axons & dendrites are all contained w/in one structure

A

Interneuron OR Intrinsic neuron

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18
Q

Other major component of the nervous system; cells that don’t transfer info over long distances, but exchange chemicals w/adjacent neurons; sometimes act oscillate cell activity

A

Glia

smaller but more numerous than neurons

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19
Q

Star-shaped glia that wrap around the presynaptic terminals of functionally related axons; help synchronize activity; allows axons to send info in waves

A

Astrocytes

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20
Q

Removes waste material, like immune system; viruses,fungi, & other microorganisms

A

Microglia

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21
Q

Cells in the brain & spinal cord that build the myelin sheaths (that surrounds/insulates axon)

A

Oligodendrocytes

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22
Q

Guide the migration of neurons & the growth of their axons & dendrites during embryonic development

A

Radial glia

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23
Q

One of the two main founders of neuroscience; discovered the synapse; 1st person to demonstrate that the individual cells comprising the nervous system remained separate; Showed that they didn’t grow into each other like previously believed.

A

Santiago Ramon y Cajal

24
Q

Conveys msgs to other neurons, organs, or muscles.

A

Axon

25
Q

Short unmyelinated section of axon between segments of myelin (gaps in myelin)

A

Nodes of Ranvier

26
Q

point from which axon releases chemicals that cross thru junction between one neuron & the nxt

A

Presynaptic terminal (end bulb)

27
Q

Cells in the periphery that build the myelin sheaths

A

Schwann Cells

28
Q

Mechanism that keeps most chemicals out of the vertebrate brain

A

Blood-Brain Barrier

29
Q

Advantages of blood-brain barrier

A

keeps out most viruses, bacteria, & harmful chemicals

30
Q

Disadvantages of blood-brain barrier

A

keeps out most nutrients & medications; why brain cancer is so intense

31
Q

a difference in electrical charge between the inside & outside of a cell

A

electrical gradient

32
Q

a difference in electrical charge between 2 locations

A

polarization

33
Q

difference in voltage in resting neuron-is slightly negative due to negatively charged proteins inside the cell

A

resting potential

34
Q

protein complex that repeatedly transports 3 sodium ions (Na+) out of the cell while drawing in 2 potassium ions

A

Sodium-potassium pump

35
Q

Lvl beyond which stimulation of a neuron will produce massive depolarization allowing a rapid flow of sodium ions across the membrane

A

threshold of excitation

36
Q

rapid depolarization & slight reversal of the usual polarization

A

action potential

37
Q

membrane channels whose permeability depends on the voltage differences across the membrane

A

voltage-gated channels

38
Q

The amplitude & velocity of an action potential are independent of the intensity of the stimulus that initiated it.

A

All or none law

39
Q

time during which a cell resists the production of a further action potential

A

refractory period

40
Q

the membrane cannot produce an action potential regardless of the stimulation

A

absolute refractory period

41
Q

a stronger than usual stimulation is required to produce an action potential

A

relative refractory period

42
Q

swelling where the axon exits the soma; In a motor neuron the action potential begins @ here.

A

axon hillock

43
Q

Transmission of an action potential down the axon; doesn’t directly travel down the axon

A

Propagation of the action potential

44
Q

flow of action potential from one node of Ranvier to another; “jumping”

A

Salatory conduction

45
Q

those covered w/a myelin sheath

A

Myelinated axons

46
Q

neurons w/o axons; exchange info. only w/the closest neurons; do NOT follow all-or-none law

A

Local neurons

47
Q

membrane potentials that vary in magnitude w/o following the all-or-none law; they decay

A

Graded potentials

48
Q

How are vertebrate neurons nourished?

A

Glucose; they depend almost entirely on glucose: a sugar that’s one of the few things that can pass thru the barrier.

49
Q

Why is there a resting potential?

A

‘ready to fire’

the resting potential remains stable until the neuron is stimulated

50
Q

difference in distrivution of ions across membrane

A

concentration gradient

51
Q

refers to increasing the polarization or the difference between the electrical charge of 2 places; less likely to fire

A

hyperpolarization

52
Q

refers to decreasing the polarization towards zero; more likely to fire

A

depolarization

53
Q

How does membrane get back to original state of polarization?

A

the neuron is returned to its resting state by the opening of potassium channels

54
Q

a disease in which the myelin sheath is destroyed & associated w/poor muscle coordination & sometimes visual impairments

A

multiple sclerosis

55
Q

Chemical events behind the action potential make sense if you remember these 3 principles:

A
  1. @ the start, sodium ions are mostly outside the neuron and potassium ions are mostly inside
  2. when the membrane is depolarized, sodium and potassium channels in the membrane open.
  3. @ the peak of the action potential, the sodium channels close

Biological Psy. (21 decks)

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