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Biological Psy. > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

David Chalmers

A

The Hard Problem
A good question of the relationship between physics & psychology.
Given this universe composed of matter & energy, why’s there such a thing as consciousness?

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2
Q

Rene’ Descartes.

The belief that the mind & brain are different kinds of substance & exist independently; 2 different things

A

Dualism

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3
Q

The belief that the universe consist of only 1 kind of substance; same thing, only one.

A

Monism

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4
Q

The study of the physiological, evolutionary, & developmental mechanisms of behaviour & experience.

A

Biological Psychology

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5
Q

Anterior; From above

A

Dorsal View

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6
Q

Posterior; from below

A

Ventral View

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7
Q

Physical Structure; relates a behavior to the activity of the brain & other organs.

A

Physiological Explanation

Ex: the brain area that allows birds to sing is larger in males than in females; they’re capable of singing louder.

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8
Q

Genesis (origin of being; the beginning)
Describes how a structure or behavior develops, including the influences of genes, nutrition, experiences, & their interactions.

A

Ontogenetic Explanation
Ex: Young males learn to sing by listening to other males. Development of song requires certain genes & opportunity to hear the appropriate songs.

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9
Q

Reconstructs the evolutionary history of a structure or behavior.

A

Evolutionary explanation

Ex: similar species of birds have similar songs. the similarity suggests the 2 species evolved from a single ancestor.

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10
Q

Why did something develop the way it did?
Describes why a structure or behavior evolved as it did.
Are often controversial…

A

Functional explanation

Ex: in most species, only the male bird sings. This allows him to attract a mate & ward off other birds.

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11
Q

Gregor Mendel

A

19th Century Monk; studied pea plants

demonstrated that inheritance depends on genes.

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12
Q

Units of heredity that maintain their structural identity from one generation to another.
Exist in pairs (as a rule)

A

Genes

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13
Q

Strands of genes composed of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Exception to rule is male mammal- has unpaired X & Y chromosomes w/different genes.

A

Chromosomes

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14
Q

Double stranded molecule; Provides the template for synthesis of ribonucleic acid

A

DNA

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15
Q

DNA contains 4 “bases”

A

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine

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16
Q

Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body

A

Enzymes

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17
Q

Identical pair of genes on the chromosomes (same)

A

Homozygous

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18
Q

Unmatched pair of genes (different)

A

Heterozygous

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19
Q

Shows a strong effect in either homozygous or heterozygous conditions

A

Dominant gene

20
Q

Shows its effect only in the homozygous condition

A

Recessive gene

21
Q

Sort of mutant gene

A

Allele

22
Q

Genes located on the sex chromosomes.

In mammals, 2 sex chromosomes are designated X & Y

A

Sex-linked genes
Females (XX)
Males (XY)

23
Q

All other genes except sex-linked

A

Autosomal chromosomes & genes

24
Q

Genes that are present in both sexes, but active mainly in one sex.

A

Sex-Limited genes

chest hair in men, breast in women

25
Q

Heritable change in a DNA molecule

A

Mutation

26
Q

Microduplication/Microdeletion

A

Part of a chromosome that might appear once might appear twice or not at all.

27
Q

Deals w/changes in gene expression w/o modification of DNA sequence

A

Epigenetics

28
Q

Adds acetyl groups to histone tails near a gene, causing histones to loosen their grip on the DNA

A

Turns the genes on

29
Q

Removal of acetyl group causes histones to tighten their grip on the DNA

A

Turns the gene off

30
Q

Monozygotic (twins)

A

developed from 1 egg “identical twins”

31
Q

Dizygotic (twins)

A

developed from 2 eggs; fraternal twins

32
Q

Degree to which variations in some characteristic depend on genetic differences

A

Heritability

33
Q

“virtual twins”

A

kids the same age, adopted @ same time into a single family.
behavior is very similar= environment role
behavior is very different=gene role

34
Q

Genetic inability to metabolize the amino acid phenylalanine

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

35
Q

Change over generations in the frequencies of various genes in a population (doesn’t always mean better)

A

Evolution

36
Q

Reasoning for evolution

A

Offspring generally resemble their parents- genetic reasons.
Mutations of genes occasionally introduce new heritable variations.
Certain individuals successfully reproduce more than others do.

37
Q

Choosing individuals w/a desired trait & using them as parents for the nxt generation

A

Artificial Selection

38
Q

Darwin’s Insight

A

Nature also selects, & successful individual’s genes will be prevalent in later generations.

39
Q

Lamarckian Evolution (Jean Lamarck)

A

use or disuse of a structure or behavior can cause an evolutionary increase or decrease in that feature (inheritance of acquired characteristics)

40
Q

Deals w/how behaviors evolved, especially social behaviors; Focuses upon functional & evolutionary explanations of how behavior evolved.

A

Evolutionary Psychology

41
Q

An action that benefits someone other than the actor

A

Altruistic behavior

42
Q

Idea that individuals help those who will return the favor

A

Reciprocal Altruism

43
Q

Selection for a gene that benefits the individual’s relatives

A

Kin Selection

Favored Explanation

44
Q

Minimalts

A

Favor firm regulation on Research

45
Q

Abolitionists

A

No animal research; animals have same rights as humans

Biological Psy. (21 decks)

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