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Biological Psy. > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

The law of specific nerve energies states that:

A

every stimulation of the optic nerve is perceived as light.

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2
Q

In the human retina, messages go from receptors at the back of the eye to ____.

A

bipolar cells

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3
Q

Night-active species are more likely than day-active species to have:

A

a greater rod to cone ratio.

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4
Q

According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, the most important factor in determining the color we see is the:

A

relative activity of short, medium, and long wavelengths.

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5
Q

Which theory can best explain why people that are wearing yellow-colored glasses can still identify the color of a green apple?

A

retinex theory

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6
Q

Cortical area ____ appears to be where conscious visual perception occurs.

A

V1

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7
Q

People with motion blindness probably have suffered damage to the:

A

middle-temporal cortex.

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8
Q

When individuals with intact brains recognize faces, activity:

A

increases in the fusiform gyrus.

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9
Q

If we compare the receptive fields of two simple cells in the primary visual cortex, chosen at random, in what way are they most likely to differ?

A

orientation (angle) of a line that they respond to

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10
Q

What would the effect be if an experimenter covered the eye of a kitten in an alternating pattern (left eye one day; right the next)?

A

Most cortical neurons would respond to stimuli in one eye or the other, but not both.

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11
Q

whatever excites a particular nerve establish a special kind of energy unique to that nerve

A

law of specific nerve energies (Johannes Muller)

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12
Q

center of the iris; light enters the eye thru an opening in the center of the iris

A

pupil

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13
Q

rear surface of the eye; light is focused by the lens (adjustable) and the cornea (fixed) onto the rear surface of eye

A

retina

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14
Q

located closer to the center of the eye-receive msgs from receptors at back of the eye

A

bipolar cells

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15
Q

bipolar sends to this; located still closer to center of eye-receive msgs from bipolar cells

A

ganglion cells

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16
Q

light from left side striked right side of retina (vice versa)

A

contralidal arrangement

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17
Q

additional cells that get info from bipolar cells and send it to other bipolar cells other amacrine cells, and ganglion cells

A

amacrine cells

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18
Q

consists of ganglion cell axons- exits thru back of eye and travel to the brain

A

optic nerve

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19
Q

has no receptors; the point at which the optic nerve leaves the back of the eye

A

blind spot

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20
Q

central portion of retina; tiny area specialized for acute, detailed visions

A

fovea

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21
Q

ganglion cells in fovea of humans and primates

A

midget ganglion cells

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22
Q

better for details, not faint light

A

foveal vision

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23
Q

greater number of receptors converge into ganglion and bipolar

A

peripheral vision

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24
Q

have more receptors on the top 1/2 of retina; b/c they’re usually looking down while flying

A

eyes in birds

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25
Q

abundant in periphery of retina-respond to faint light, not useful in bright light

A

rods

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26
Q

abundant in and near fovea- less active in dim light, more useful in bright light, and essential for color vision

A

cones

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27
Q

ration of rods to cones

A

1/20th to rods; 90% of the input

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28
Q

where do you have good color vision?

A

right in the middle (fovea)

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29
Q

chemicals in both rods and cones that release energy when struck by light

A

photo-pigments

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30
Q

color perception occurs thru the relative rates of response by 3 kinds of cones

A

The Trichromatic (Young-Helmholtz) theory

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31
Q

we perceive color thru the relative rates of response by three kinds of cones, each kind maximally sensitive to a different set of wave lengths

A

young-helmholtz theory

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32
Q

Suggests that we perceive color in terms of paired opposits

A

The Opponent-Process Theory

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33
Q

proposed opponent-process theory

A

ewald hering

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34
Q

We perceive color in terms of opposite

A

red to green
yellow to blue
white to black

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35
Q

ability to recognize colors despite changes in lighting

A

color constancy

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36
Q

suggests the cortex compares info from various parts of the retina to determine the brightness and color for each area
Better explains color and brightness constancy

A

retinex theory

37
Q

you perceive differences in brightness when there are none – perception of brightness of an object requires comparing it with other objects

A

Brightness constancy

38
Q

whenever we see anything, we make an inference

A

purves and colleagues

39
Q

an impairment in perceiving color differences; Some people lack one or two of the types of cones; Some people have three kinds of cones, but one is abnormal

A

color vision deficiency

40
Q

Color vision deficiency AKA

A

color blindness

41
Q

What is the most common form of color vision deficiency?

A

difficulty distinguishing between red and green; more common in men

42
Q

a smaller amount to the superior colliculus, and fewer to other areas; part of the thalmus

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

43
Q

the reduction of activity in one neuron by activity in neighboring neurons; Main function is to sharpen contrasts to emphasize the borders of objects

A

lateral inhibition

44
Q

part of the visual field that excites or inhibits it – each cell in the visual system of the brain has this

A

receptive field

45
Q

circular center with antagonistic (doughnut-shaped) surround

A

receptive field of ganglion cell

46
Q

3 categories of ganglion cells in primates

A

parvocellular neurons
magnocellular neurons
koniocellular neurons

47
Q

have small cell bodies and small receptive fields – located mostly in or near fovea; are highly sensitive to detect color and visual detail

A

parvocellular neurons

48
Q

have larger cell bodies and receptive fields and are distributed evenly throughout the retina; are highly sensitive to large overall pattern and moving stimuli

A

magnocellular neurons

49
Q

have small cell bodies, but occur throughout the retina; have several functions and their axons terminate in many different places

A

koniocellular neurons

50
Q

located in occipital cortex
Also known as area V1 or striate cortex
Receives info from the lateral geniculate nucleus and is the area responsible for the 1st stage of visual processing
`

A

Primary visual Cortex

51
Q

an ability in people with damage to area V1 – they respond to visual information that they report not seeing

A

blindsight

52
Q

looks like things are going up b/c those cells are fatigued

A

waterfall effect

53
Q

recorded from cells in brains of cats and monkeys

A

Hubel and wiesel (1959)

54
Q

has receptive field with fixed excitatory and inhibitory zones

A

simple cells

55
Q

located in areas V1 and V2 – does not respond to exact location of a stimulus. Responds to pattern of light in a particular orientation (e.g., a vertical bar) anywhere within its large receptive field; Have large receptive field that can’t be mapped into fixed excitatory or inhibitory zones

A

complex cell

56
Q

you present the stimulus in different locations

A

classifying cell as simple or complex

57
Q

resembles complex cell, but has a strong inhibitory area at one end of it bar-shaped receptive field

A

end-stopped (hypercomplex) cell

58
Q

neuron that indicates the presence of a particular feature

A

feature detector

59
Q

Early lack of stimulation of one eye:

A

leads to synapses in the visual cortex becoming gradually unresponsive to input from that eye

60
Q

Early lack of both eyes

A

cortical responses become sluggish but don’t cause blindness

61
Q

when experiences have particularly strong and enduring influence

A

sensitive period

62
Q

the discrepancy between what the left and right eyes see

A

Requires the brain to detect retinal disparity

63
Q

don’t point in same direction, usually develops in childhood

A

strabismus

64
Q

aka lazy eye

A

strabismus

65
Q

Early exposure to a limited array of patterns;

A

Leads to nearly all of the visual cortex cells becoming responsive to only that pattern

66
Q

blurring of vision for lines in one direction ; Caused by an asymmetric curvature of the eyes

A

astigmatism

67
Q

(cloudy spots) on one or both eyes during infancy

A

cataracts

68
Q

visual path in parietal cortex

A

dorsal stream

69
Q

o The “where” pathway – helps motor system locate objects and move towards them

A

dorsal

70
Q

receives information from primary visual cortex, processes it further, and transmits it to additional areas

A

secondary visual cortex (area V2)

71
Q

ppl w/damage to dorsal stream

A

know what things are, but not where they are

72
Q

collection of visual paths in temporal cortex
The “what” pathway
Specialized for identifying and recognizing objects

A

Ventral stream

73
Q

damage to ventral stream

A

can’t describe what they see

74
Q

how is info transferred between area V1 and V2

A

reciprocal Nature

75
Q

As visual information goes from the simple cells to the complex cells and then to other brain areas, the receptive fields become______

A

more specialized

76
Q

the ability to recognize an object’s shape despite changes in direction or size

A

shape constancy

77
Q

inability to recognize objects despite otherwise satisfactory vision

A

visual agnosia

78
Q

damage in temporal cortex usually results in this

A

visual agnosia

79
Q

area (especially in right hemisphere) that responds strongly to faces, much more than to anything else

A

fusiform gyrus of ITC

80
Q

Ability to recognize faces develops gradually, all the way into adolescence

A

ability depends largely on exposure

81
Q

face recognition depends on several brain areas

A

Parts of occipital cortex
Anterior temporal cortex
Prefrontal cortex
Fusiform gyrus of inferior temporal cortex (especially in right hemisphere)

82
Q

inability to recognize faces; Some people are poor throughout life

A

prosopagnosia

83
Q

Born with a shortage of connections to and from fusiform gyrus

A

prosopagnosia

84
Q

MST

A

medial superior temporal cortex

85
Q

area V5; MT

A

Middle temporal cortex

86
Q

 Able to see objects but impaired at seeing whether they are moving or, if so, which direction and how fast

A

motion blind

87
Q

ppl w/damage to areas of MT and MST

A

motion blind

88
Q

a decrease in the activity of the visual cortex during quick eye movements

A

saccades

Biological Psy. (21 decks)

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