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Biological Psy. > Chapter 12 > Flashcards

Chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

emotion is typically defined in terms of 3 components:

A

cognitions, feelings, actions

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2
Q

first we feel an emotion, which then changes our heart rate and prompts other responses

A

common sense view

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3
Q

autonomic arousal and skeletal actions come first

A

James-Lange theory

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4
Q

Theory leads to two predictions:

A
  1. People with weak autonomic or skeletal responses should feel less emotion
  2. Causing or increasing someone’s responses should enhance an emotion
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5
Q

output from the autonomic nervous system to the body fails completely or almost completely

A

pure autonomic failure

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6
Q

marked by extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal

A

panic attack

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7
Q

people are unable to move their facial muscles to make a smile

A

Mobius syndrome

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8
Q

the forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus

A

the limbic system

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9
Q

primary taste cortex

A

the insula

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10
Q

Activity of left hemisphere relates to the __________

A

Behavioral Activation System (BAS)

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11
Q

Increased activity of right hemisphere (frontal and temporal lobes) associated with the ____________

A

Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)

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12
Q

patients had one hemisphere at a time anesthetized (the Wada procedure)

A

Ross et al. study

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13
Q

showed that people who are good at detecting their autonomic responses may have valid gut feelings about dangers that they cannot identify consciously

A

Katkin et al., study

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14
Q

Provide useful guide when we need to make a quick decision

A

Gut feeling

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15
Q

the amount that neurons release and replace – estimated by measuring metabolites in body fluids

A

turnover

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16
Q

amino acid found in small amounts in proteins

A

serotonin synthesized from tryptophan

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17
Q

response to an unexpected loud noise

A

The startle reflex

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18
Q

protozoan that infects many mammals but only reproduces in cats

A

Toxoplasma gondi

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19
Q

effect of amygdala damage in monkeys and described in early 1900s

A

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

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20
Q

rare genetic disorder that causes calcium to build up into the amygdala until it wastes away

A

urbach-wiethe disease

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21
Q

the main inhibitory transmitter is GABA

A

decreases anxiety

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22
Q

Damage to the amygdala interfers with:

A

o The learning of fear responses
o Retention of fear responses previously learned
o Interpreting or understanding stimuli w/emotional consequences

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23
Q

has behavioral effects similar to those of bezodiazopines

A

ethyl alcohol

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24
Q

defined stress as the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it

A

(HANS) selye

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25
Q

a generalized response to stress

A

generalized adaptation syndrome

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26
Q

characterized by increased activity of sympathetic nervous system, readying body for brief emergency activity

A

alarm

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27
Q

as sympathetic response declines, adrenal cortex secretes cortisol and other hormones that enable the body to maintain prolonged alertness, fight infections, and heal wounds

A

resistance

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28
Q

third stage in which individual it tired, inactive, and vulnerable because nervous system and immune systems no longer have the energy to sustain their heightened responses

A

exhaustation

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29
Q

stress defined as “events that are interpreted as threatening to the individual and which elicit physiological and behavioral responses”

A

McEwen

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30
Q

The sympathetic nervous system

A

“fight or flight”

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31
Q

– the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex

A

The HPA axis

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32
Q

enhances metabolic activity and elevates blood levels of sugar and other nutrients

A

cortisol

33
Q

when the immune system attacks normal cells

A

autoimmune disease

34
Q

white blood cells – the most important elements of the immune system

A

Leukocytes

35
Q

mature mostly in bone marrow and secrete antibodies

A

B cells

36
Q

Y-shaped proteins that attach to particular kinds of antigens

A

Antibodies

37
Q

surface proteins that are antibody generator molecules

A

Antigens

38
Q

attack intruders directly and some help other T cells or B cells to multiply

A

T cells

39
Q

mature in the thymus gland

A

T cells

40
Q

attack tumor cells and cells that are infected with viruses.

A

Natural Killer Cells

41
Q

small proteins produced by leukocytes and other cells in response to infection

A

Cytokines

42
Q

additional chemicals produced by immune system that promote sleepiness

A

Prostaglandins

43
Q

study of relationship between nervous system and the immune system

A

Psychoneuroimmunology

44
Q

prolonged increase of cortisol directs energy toward increasing metabolism and therefore detracts energy from synthesizing proteins (including proteins of immune system)

A

prolonged stress response

45
Q

ways to combat stress

A 
special breathing routines.
exercise.
meditation.
distaction.
dealing w/the problem.
46
Q

fight or flight; brief vigoursu

A

sympathetic branch

47
Q

slows you down; increases your digestive; other processes that save energy to prepare you for later events
Wouldn’t last very long without this

A

parasympathetic branch

48
Q

Increases attention and arousal, inhibits action, and stimulates emotions such as fear and disgust

A

Behavioral Inhibition System

49
Q

can characterize either happiness or anger

A

Behavioral activation system

50
Q

Strack et al.’s study

A

Most ppl rate cartoons funnier when holding a pen w/their teeth- which forces a smile-than when holding it in their lips. That is the sensation of smiling increases happiness although only slightly; telling a depressed person to so cheer up and smile, doesn’t help.

51
Q

damage to the right temporal cortex

A

causes problems in the ability to ID emotions of others

52
Q

Damage to the left hemisphere makes it_____

A

better at detecting other’s emotions

53
Q

what good do emotions do?

A

allow us to make quick decisions and help us make moral decisions

54
Q

Damasio’s patient with prefrontal cortex

A

expressed almost no emotions; nothing angered him; he was never very sad, even about his own brain damage

55
Q

damage to the prefrontal cortex

A

impairs decision making

56
Q

Monozygotic twins

A

resembled each other much more in regard to violent/criminal behavior

57
Q

violence depends on other chemicals besides testosteron, notably cortisol and serotonin

A

triple imbalance hypothesis

58
Q

Most Commonly used anti-anxiety drugs

A

Diazepam (valium)
Chlordiazepodide (librium)
Alprazolam (xanax)

59
Q

does amygdala damage destroy fear

A

IMPAIRS LEARNING OF NEW RESPONSES; DOESN’T DESTROY FEAR

60
Q

responds more strongly to a gaze directed toward the viewer

A

anger

61
Q

responds more strongly to a gaze directed elsewhere

A

fear

62
Q

damage to the amygdala impairs

A

the processing of emotional

63
Q

Patient S.M.

A

experiences fearlessness that’s dangerous to her: robberies at gunpoint, physical assaults, no inhibition when strangers approach

64
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

most commonly used anti-anxiety drugs

65
Q

Benzodiazepines

A

most commonly used anti-anxiety drugs

66
Q

types of leukocytes

A

B cells

67
Q

Prolonged increases in cortisol

A

too much makes your memory bad

68
Q

AKA operant conditioning

A

instrumental conditioning

69
Q

AKA operant conditioning

A

instrumental conditioning

70
Q

Results from lashley making deep cuts at varying locations in rat’s cerebral cortices

A

found that learning and memory didn’t depend entirely on connections across the cortex

71
Q

Results from lashley making deep cuts at varying locations in rat’s cerebral cortices

A

found that learning and memory didn’t depend entirely on connections across the cortex

72
Q

fade quickly unless rehearsed

A

short-term memory

73
Q

can be recalled w/o rehearsal

A

long term memory

74
Q

can be recalled w/o rehearsal

A

long term memory

75
Q

the way we store info while we’re working w/it

A

working memory (WM)

76
Q

the way we store info while we’re working w/it

A

working memory (WM)

77
Q

ability to recall single personal events

A

episodic memory

78
Q

ability to develop motor skills (remembering or learning how to do things)

A

procedural memory

79
Q

ability to state a memory into words

A

declarative memory

Biological Psy. (21 decks)

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