Chapter 12 Flashcards
emotion is typically defined in terms of 3 components:
cognitions, feelings, actions
first we feel an emotion, which then changes our heart rate and prompts other responses
common sense view
autonomic arousal and skeletal actions come first
James-Lange theory
Theory leads to two predictions:
- People with weak autonomic or skeletal responses should feel less emotion
- Causing or increasing someone’s responses should enhance an emotion
output from the autonomic nervous system to the body fails completely or almost completely
pure autonomic failure
marked by extreme sympathetic nervous system arousal
panic attack
people are unable to move their facial muscles to make a smile
Mobius syndrome
the forebrain areas surrounding the thalamus
the limbic system
primary taste cortex
the insula
Activity of left hemisphere relates to the __________
Behavioral Activation System (BAS)
Increased activity of right hemisphere (frontal and temporal lobes) associated with the ____________
Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS)
patients had one hemisphere at a time anesthetized (the Wada procedure)
Ross et al. study
showed that people who are good at detecting their autonomic responses may have valid gut feelings about dangers that they cannot identify consciously
Katkin et al., study
Provide useful guide when we need to make a quick decision
Gut feeling
the amount that neurons release and replace – estimated by measuring metabolites in body fluids
turnover
amino acid found in small amounts in proteins
serotonin synthesized from tryptophan
response to an unexpected loud noise
The startle reflex
protozoan that infects many mammals but only reproduces in cats
Toxoplasma gondi
effect of amygdala damage in monkeys and described in early 1900s
Kluver-Bucy syndrome
rare genetic disorder that causes calcium to build up into the amygdala until it wastes away
urbach-wiethe disease
the main inhibitory transmitter is GABA
decreases anxiety
Damage to the amygdala interfers with:
o The learning of fear responses
o Retention of fear responses previously learned
o Interpreting or understanding stimuli w/emotional consequences
has behavioral effects similar to those of bezodiazopines
ethyl alcohol
defined stress as the nonspecific response of the body to any demand made upon it
(HANS) selye
a generalized response to stress
generalized adaptation syndrome
characterized by increased activity of sympathetic nervous system, readying body for brief emergency activity
alarm
as sympathetic response declines, adrenal cortex secretes cortisol and other hormones that enable the body to maintain prolonged alertness, fight infections, and heal wounds
resistance
third stage in which individual it tired, inactive, and vulnerable because nervous system and immune systems no longer have the energy to sustain their heightened responses
exhaustation
stress defined as “events that are interpreted as threatening to the individual and which elicit physiological and behavioral responses”
McEwen
The sympathetic nervous system
“fight or flight”
– the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal cortex
The HPA axis
enhances metabolic activity and elevates blood levels of sugar and other nutrients
cortisol
when the immune system attacks normal cells
autoimmune disease
white blood cells – the most important elements of the immune system
Leukocytes
mature mostly in bone marrow and secrete antibodies
B cells
Y-shaped proteins that attach to particular kinds of antigens
Antibodies
surface proteins that are antibody generator molecules
Antigens
attack intruders directly and some help other T cells or B cells to multiply
T cells
mature in the thymus gland
T cells
attack tumor cells and cells that are infected with viruses.
Natural Killer Cells
small proteins produced by leukocytes and other cells in response to infection
Cytokines
additional chemicals produced by immune system that promote sleepiness
Prostaglandins
study of relationship between nervous system and the immune system
Psychoneuroimmunology
prolonged increase of cortisol directs energy toward increasing metabolism and therefore detracts energy from synthesizing proteins (including proteins of immune system)
prolonged stress response
ways to combat stress
special breathing routines. exercise. meditation. distaction. dealing w/the problem.
fight or flight; brief vigoursu
sympathetic branch
slows you down; increases your digestive; other processes that save energy to prepare you for later events
Wouldn’t last very long without this
parasympathetic branch
Increases attention and arousal, inhibits action, and stimulates emotions such as fear and disgust
Behavioral Inhibition System
can characterize either happiness or anger
Behavioral activation system
Strack et al.’s study
Most ppl rate cartoons funnier when holding a pen w/their teeth- which forces a smile-than when holding it in their lips. That is the sensation of smiling increases happiness although only slightly; telling a depressed person to so cheer up and smile, doesn’t help.
damage to the right temporal cortex
causes problems in the ability to ID emotions of others
Damage to the left hemisphere makes it_____
better at detecting other’s emotions
what good do emotions do?
allow us to make quick decisions and help us make moral decisions
Damasio’s patient with prefrontal cortex
expressed almost no emotions; nothing angered him; he was never very sad, even about his own brain damage
damage to the prefrontal cortex
impairs decision making
Monozygotic twins
resembled each other much more in regard to violent/criminal behavior
violence depends on other chemicals besides testosteron, notably cortisol and serotonin
triple imbalance hypothesis
Most Commonly used anti-anxiety drugs
Diazepam (valium)
Chlordiazepodide (librium)
Alprazolam (xanax)
does amygdala damage destroy fear
IMPAIRS LEARNING OF NEW RESPONSES; DOESN’T DESTROY FEAR
responds more strongly to a gaze directed toward the viewer
anger
responds more strongly to a gaze directed elsewhere
fear
damage to the amygdala impairs
the processing of emotional
Patient S.M.
experiences fearlessness that’s dangerous to her: robberies at gunpoint, physical assaults, no inhibition when strangers approach
Benzodiazepines
most commonly used anti-anxiety drugs
Benzodiazepines
most commonly used anti-anxiety drugs
types of leukocytes
B cells
Prolonged increases in cortisol
too much makes your memory bad
AKA operant conditioning
instrumental conditioning
AKA operant conditioning
instrumental conditioning
Results from lashley making deep cuts at varying locations in rat’s cerebral cortices
found that learning and memory didn’t depend entirely on connections across the cortex
Results from lashley making deep cuts at varying locations in rat’s cerebral cortices
found that learning and memory didn’t depend entirely on connections across the cortex
fade quickly unless rehearsed
short-term memory
can be recalled w/o rehearsal
long term memory
can be recalled w/o rehearsal
long term memory
the way we store info while we’re working w/it
working memory (WM)
the way we store info while we’re working w/it
working memory (WM)
ability to recall single personal events
episodic memory
ability to develop motor skills (remembering or learning how to do things)
procedural memory
ability to state a memory into words
declarative memory
