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Biological Psy. > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

0-10 wks old

A

embryo

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2
Q

Brain Weight @ birth

A

350 grams

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3
Q

Brain weight @ 1 yr

A

1000 grams

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4
Q

Brain weight as an Adult

A

1200 to 1400 grams

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5
Q

Production of new cells/neurons in the brain; primarily occurring early in life

A

proliferation

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6
Q

cells that remain where they are, continuing to divide

A

Stem cells

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7
Q

movement of cells after they have differentiated as neurons or glia to their eventual locations

A

migration

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8
Q

Migration guided by

A

immunoglobulins & chemokines

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9
Q

Process whereby neuron forms its axon & dendrites that gives the neuron its distinctive shape (axon 1st, followed by dendrites)

A

differentiation

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10
Q

process by which glia produce insulating fatty sheaths that accelerate transmission

A

myelination

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11
Q

formation of synapses between neurons; final stage

A

synaptogenesis

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12
Q

5 stages of growth & development of neurons

A

Proliferation, migration, differentiation, myelination, synaptogenesis

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13
Q

Can the adult vertebrate brain generate new neurons?

A

stem cells are undifferentiated; generate “daughter cells” that can transform into glia or neurons

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14
Q

songbirds

A

in area necessary for singing, old neurons die & new ones take their place

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15
Q

stem cells differentiate into new neurons in adult hippocampus

A

mammals

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16
Q

Roger Sperry & newts

A

indicated that axons follow a chemical trail to reach their appropriate target (1954)

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17
Q

Axons find their targets w/remarkable precision. How?

A

growing axon follows path of cells-surface molecules, attracted by some chemcials and repelled by others. This process steers it in the correct direction

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18
Q

Some theorists refer to the idea of the selection process of neural connectections as this; as nervous system develops, we start w/more neurons & synapses than we keep; in this competition amongst synaptic connections, we initially form more connections than we need; most successful

A

neural darwinism

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19
Q

discovered that muscles don’t determine how many axons form; they determine how many survive

A

levi montalcini

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20
Q

is a type of protein released by muscles that promotes the survival and growth of axons

A

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)

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21
Q

Neuron’s suicide program

A

if it’s axon doesn’t make contact w/an appropriate postsynaptic cell by a certain age, the neuron kills itself thru a process called apoptosis

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22
Q

Preprogrammed mechanism of cell death

A

apoptosis

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23
Q

chemical that promotes survival & activity of neurons (NGF)

A

neurotrophin

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24
Q

most abundant neurotropin in adult cerebral cortex

A

BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor)

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25
Q

Increased risk of heart problems on babies

A

antidepressant

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26
Q

condition marked by hyperactivity, impulsiveness, difficulty maintaining attention, varying degrees of mental retardation, motor problems, heart defects, & facial abnormalities (high forehead & wide set eyes)

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

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27
Q

what characteristics do they show as adults?

A

suppresses glutamate & enhances the realase of GABA; many neurons consequently recieve less excitation & exposures

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28
Q

Both increased risk for ADHD & other behavioral deficits

A

cocaine & tobacco

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29
Q

can affect the health of child

A

stress

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30
Q

neurons in different parts of the brain differ. how?

A

from 1 another in their shape & chemical components

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31
Q

The brain has some limited ability to reorganize itself in response to experience

A

fine tuning by experience

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32
Q

After practicing particular skills connections relevant to those skills proliferate, while other connectons retract

A

new & interesting experiences

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33
Q

does this apply to humans?

A

yes; enriched environment are likely to have more branches

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34
Q

what about older ppl?

A

cortex gets smaller

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35
Q

Blind ppl outperform sighted ppl

A

verbal skills

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36
Q

larger than normal section postcentral gyrus in rihgt hemispehre devoted to representing finers of teh left hand

A

stringed instrument players

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37
Q

Aka Focal hand dystonia

A

Musician’s cramp

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38
Q

refers to a condition where the reorganization of the brain goes too far; the fingers of musicians who practice extensively become clumsy, fatigue easily, & make involuntary movements

A

Musican’s cramp

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39
Q

tendency to seek immediate reward or pleasure

A

impulsiveness

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40
Q

voluntary eye movement away from normal direction; ability to perform task improves sharply between ages 7 to 11 (looking away from a powerful attention-getter)

A

Antisaccade Task

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41
Q

“discount the future”

A

immediate rewards better than later risks/rewards/harms; teens do this

42
Q

memory & reasoning beyond the age of 60

43
Q

abstract reasoning; goes down w/age

A

fluid intelligence

44
Q

what you know about world; common facts, what you’ve seen, experience, read, etc.; goes up w/age

A

crystal intelligence

45
Q

sharp blow to the head resulting from an accident, assault, or other sudden trauma that doesn’t puncture the brain

A

closed head injury

46
Q

2 causes of closed head injury

A

rotational forces & blood cots

47
Q

drive brain tissue against skull

A

rotational forces

48
Q

flow of blood to brain is interrupted

A

blood cots

49
Q

temporary loss of blood flow to a brain area; common cause of brain damage in old ppl

A

stroke (cerebrovascular accident)

50
Q

result of blood clot or other obstruction in an artery; more common

51
Q

neurons are deprived of blood & lose much of their oxygen & glucose supplies

52
Q

result of ruptured artery; neurons are flooded w/blood & excess oxygen, calcium, & other chemcials; less common

A

hemorrhage

53
Q

causes edema

A

Ischemia & hemorrhage

54
Q

accumulation of fluid which increases pressure on brain & probability of additional strokes

55
Q

overstimulates neurons

56
Q

the region surrounding the immediate damage

57
Q

the decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons

A

diaschisis

58
Q

ways to stimulate brain:

A

electrical stimulation, stimulant drugs, other stimulants

59
Q

man in “minimally conscious state” for 6 yrs was given electrical stimulation to central thalamus

A

electrical stimulation

60
Q

injection of amphetamines enhanced behavior in brain damaged rates & cats

A

stimulant drugs

61
Q

why don’t you want to calm a stroke victim w/tranquilizers?

A

decrease dopamine thus make it harder for person to recover

62
Q

the brain continually adds new branches of axons & dendrites while w/drawing old ones

63
Q

after loss of a set of axons, cells that lost their source of innervation react by secreting neurotrophins to induce other axons to form new brancehs OR

A

collateral sprouts

64
Q

formed by other non-damaged axons that attach vacant receptors

A

collateral sprouts

65
Q

heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon; can cause chronic pain

A

denervation supersensitivity

66
Q

heightened sensitivity as a result of inactivity by an incoming axon

A

Disuse Supersensitivity

67
Q

refers to the continuation of sensation of an amputated body part; can range from tingling to intense pain

A

phantom limb

68
Q

a limb that has lost its afferent (sensory input)

A

deafferented limbs

69
Q

When does the CNS begin to form?

A

When the embryo is Approximately 2 wks old

70
Q

Development of new neurons also occurs in other brain regions

71
Q

All cells have the same life span

A

FALSE; different cells have different avg life spans

72
Q

After maturity the apoptotic mechanisms become dormant

73
Q

Why is the visual cortex actually thicker in blind ppl?

A

Because of a lack of visual stimuli; it cannot prune out ineffective neurons.

74
Q

A mutation on one gene can lead to a few defects

A

FALSE; leads to MANY defects

75
Q

Conditioned marked by: hyperactivity & impulsiveness, difficulty maintaining attention, varying degrees of mental retardation, motor problems & heart defects, facial abnormalities

A

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome; mother drinks too much during pregnancy

76
Q

Dendrites of children born w/fetal alcohol syndrome are…

A

short w/few branches

77
Q

Exposure to alcohol in the fetus brain…

A

suppresses glutamate & enhances the release of GABA

78
Q

Relates to learning

A

gain & loss of spines indicates new connections

79
Q

____________ declines in old age

A

the thickness of the cerebral cortex

80
Q

Once believed that teahing a child a difficult concept would enhance intelligence in other areas

A

“far transfer”

81
Q

May account for the fact that blind ppl often have enhanced tactile senses & increased verbal skills

A

the occipital lobe normally dedicated to processing visual info adapts to also process tactile & verbal info

82
Q

AKA “Musicians Cramp” refers to a condition where the reorganization of the brain goes too far

A

Focal Hand dystonia

83
Q

Focal hand dystonia

A

fingers of musicians who practice too much become clumsy, fatigue easily, and make involuntary movements; touch responses to one finger overlap those of another

84
Q

Looking away from a powerful attention-getter; imporves gradually during the teen yrs

A

Antisaccade Task

85
Q

Possible causes of brain damage include

A

tumors, infections, exposure to toxic substances, degenerative diseases, close head injuries

86
Q

a sharp blow to the head that doesn’t puncture the brain; 1 of the main causes of brain injury in young adults

A

A closed head injury

87
Q

AKA cerebrovascular accident; temporary loss of blood flow to brain

88
Q

Neurons are flooded w/excess blood, calcium, oxygen, & other chemicals

A

hemorrhage

89
Q

neurons lose their oxygen & glucose suppy

90
Q

Most effective lab methods used to min. damage caused by strokes

A

cool the brain

91
Q

decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons

A

diaschisis

92
Q 
What is the process called when a primitive neuron begins to develop dendrites and an axon?
               Myelination
 		Migration
 		Differentiation
 		 proliferation
A

Differentiation

93
Q

Which of the following would most likely interfere with migration of neurons during development?

a. altering the chemical paths
b. damaging dendrites
c. loss of myelin
d. increased differentiation

A

altering the chemical paths

94
Q

Why is it that all neurons in a healthy adult brain have made appropriate connections?

A

If an axon does not make the appropriate connections by a certain age, it dies.

95
Q

The function of neurotrophins is to:

A

promote survival of axons.

96
Q

What brain abnormalities are found in children with fetal alcohol syndrome?

A

short dendrites with few branches

97
Q

After damage to a set of axons, neurotrophins induce nearby:

A

uninjured axons to form new branches.

98
Q

Ischemia and hemorrhage kill neurons by:

A

overstimulating them.

99
Q

Suppose a finger is amputated. The part of the cerebral cortex that used to respond to that finger will:

A

become responsive to other fingers or part of the palm.

100
Q

One way to relieve the pain associated with a phantom limb is to:

A

have the amputee learn to use an artificial limb.

Biological Psy. (21 decks)

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