Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biological Psy. > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

0-10 wks old

A

embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Brain Weight @ birth

A

350 grams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Brain weight @ 1 yr

A

1000 grams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Brain weight as an Adult

A

1200 to 1400 grams

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Production of new cells/neurons in the brain; primarily occurring early in life

A

proliferation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

cells that remain where they are, continuing to divide

A

Stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

movement of cells after they have differentiated as neurons or glia to their eventual locations

A

migration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Migration guided by

A

immunoglobulins & chemokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Process whereby neuron forms its axon & dendrites that gives the neuron its distinctive shape (axon 1st, followed by dendrites)

A

differentiation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

process by which glia produce insulating fatty sheaths that accelerate transmission

A

myelination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

formation of synapses between neurons; final stage

A

synaptogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

5 stages of growth & development of neurons

A

Proliferation, migration, differentiation, myelination, synaptogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Can the adult vertebrate brain generate new neurons?

A

stem cells are undifferentiated; generate “daughter cells” that can transform into glia or neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

songbirds

A

in area necessary for singing, old neurons die & new ones take their place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

stem cells differentiate into new neurons in adult hippocampus

A

mammals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Roger Sperry & newts

A

indicated that axons follow a chemical trail to reach their appropriate target (1954)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Axons find their targets w/remarkable precision. How?

A

growing axon follows path of cells-surface molecules, attracted by some chemcials and repelled by others. This process steers it in the correct direction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Some theorists refer to the idea of the selection process of neural connectections as this; as nervous system develops, we start w/more neurons & synapses than we keep; in this competition amongst synaptic connections, we initially form more connections than we need; most successful

A

neural darwinism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

discovered that muscles don’t determine how many axons form; they determine how many survive

A

levi montalcini

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

is a type of protein released by muscles that promotes the survival and growth of axons

A

Nerve Growth Factor (NGF)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Neuron’s suicide program

A

if it’s axon doesn’t make contact w/an appropriate postsynaptic cell by a certain age, the neuron kills itself thru a process called apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Preprogrammed mechanism of cell death

A

apoptosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

chemical that promotes survival & activity of neurons (NGF)

A

neurotrophin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

most abundant neurotropin in adult cerebral cortex

A

BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Increased risk of heart problems on babies
antidepressant
26
condition marked by hyperactivity, impulsiveness, difficulty maintaining attention, varying degrees of mental retardation, motor problems, heart defects, & facial abnormalities (high forehead & wide set eyes)
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
27
what characteristics do they show as adults?
suppresses glutamate & enhances the realase of GABA; many neurons consequently recieve less excitation & exposures
28
Both increased risk for ADHD & other behavioral deficits
cocaine & tobacco
29
can affect the health of child
stress
30
neurons in different parts of the brain differ. how?
from 1 another in their shape & chemical components
31
The brain has some limited ability to reorganize itself in response to experience
fine tuning by experience
32
After practicing particular skills connections relevant to those skills proliferate, while other connectons retract
new & interesting experiences
33
does this apply to humans?
yes; enriched environment are likely to have more branches
34
what about older ppl?
cortex gets smaller
35
Blind ppl outperform sighted ppl
verbal skills
36
larger than normal section postcentral gyrus in rihgt hemispehre devoted to representing finers of teh left hand
stringed instrument players
37
Aka Focal hand dystonia
Musician's cramp
38
refers to a condition where the reorganization of the brain goes too far; the fingers of musicians who practice extensively become clumsy, fatigue easily, & make involuntary movements
Musican's cramp
39
tendency to seek immediate reward or pleasure
impulsiveness
40
voluntary eye movement away from normal direction; ability to perform task improves sharply between ages 7 to 11 (looking away from a powerful attention-getter)
Antisaccade Task
41
"discount the future"
immediate rewards better than later risks/rewards/harms; teens do this
42
memory & reasoning beyond the age of 60
old age
43
abstract reasoning; goes down w/age
fluid intelligence
44
what you know about world; common facts, what you've seen, experience, read, etc.; goes up w/age
crystal intelligence
45
sharp blow to the head resulting from an accident, assault, or other sudden trauma that doesn't puncture the brain
closed head injury
46
2 causes of closed head injury
rotational forces & blood cots
47
drive brain tissue against skull
rotational forces
48
flow of blood to brain is interrupted
blood cots
49
temporary loss of blood flow to a brain area; common cause of brain damage in old ppl
stroke (cerebrovascular accident)
50
result of blood clot or other obstruction in an artery; more common
ischemia
51
neurons are deprived of blood & lose much of their oxygen & glucose supplies
ischemia
52
result of ruptured artery; neurons are flooded w/blood & excess oxygen, calcium, & other chemcials; less common
hemorrhage
53
causes edema
Ischemia & hemorrhage
54
accumulation of fluid which increases pressure on brain & probability of additional strokes
edema
55
overstimulates neurons
glutamate
56
the region surrounding the immediate damage
penumbra
57
the decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons
diaschisis
58
ways to stimulate brain:
electrical stimulation, stimulant drugs, other stimulants
59
man in "minimally conscious state" for 6 yrs was given electrical stimulation to central thalamus
electrical stimulation
60
injection of amphetamines enhanced behavior in brain damaged rates & cats
stimulant drugs
61
why don't you want to calm a stroke victim w/tranquilizers?
decrease dopamine thus make it harder for person to recover
62
the brain continually adds new branches of axons & dendrites while w/drawing old ones
sprouting
63
after loss of a set of axons, cells that lost their source of innervation react by secreting neurotrophins to induce other axons to form new brancehs OR
collateral sprouts
64
formed by other non-damaged axons that attach vacant receptors
collateral sprouts
65
heightened sensitivity to a neurotransmitter after the destruction of an incoming axon; can cause chronic pain
denervation supersensitivity
66
heightened sensitivity as a result of inactivity by an incoming axon
Disuse Supersensitivity
67
refers to the continuation of sensation of an amputated body part; can range from tingling to intense pain
phantom limb
68
a limb that has lost its afferent (sensory input)
deafferented limbs
69
When does the CNS begin to form?
When the embryo is Approximately 2 wks old
70
Development of new neurons also occurs in other brain regions
TRUE
71
All cells have the same life span
FALSE; different cells have different avg life spans
72
After maturity the apoptotic mechanisms become dormant
TRUE
73
Why is the visual cortex actually thicker in blind ppl?
Because of a lack of visual stimuli; it cannot prune out ineffective neurons.
74
A mutation on one gene can lead to a few defects
FALSE; leads to MANY defects
75
Conditioned marked by: hyperactivity & impulsiveness, difficulty maintaining attention, varying degrees of mental retardation, motor problems & heart defects, facial abnormalities
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome; mother drinks too much during pregnancy
76
Dendrites of children born w/fetal alcohol syndrome are...
short w/few branches
77
Exposure to alcohol in the fetus brain...
suppresses glutamate & enhances the release of GABA
78
Relates to learning
gain & loss of spines indicates new connections
79
____________ declines in old age
the thickness of the cerebral cortex
80
Once believed that teahing a child a difficult concept would enhance intelligence in other areas
"far transfer"
81
May account for the fact that blind ppl often have enhanced tactile senses & increased verbal skills
the occipital lobe normally dedicated to processing visual info adapts to also process tactile & verbal info
82
AKA "Musicians Cramp" refers to a condition where the reorganization of the brain goes too far
Focal Hand dystonia
83
Focal hand dystonia
fingers of musicians who practice too much become clumsy, fatigue easily, and make involuntary movements; touch responses to one finger overlap those of another
84
Looking away from a powerful attention-getter; imporves gradually during the teen yrs
Antisaccade Task
85
Possible causes of brain damage include
tumors, infections, exposure to toxic substances, degenerative diseases, close head injuries
86
a sharp blow to the head that doesn't puncture the brain; 1 of the main causes of brain injury in young adults
A closed head injury
87
AKA cerebrovascular accident; temporary loss of blood flow to brain
Stroke
88
Neurons are flooded w/excess blood, calcium, oxygen, & other chemicals
hemorrhage
89
neurons lose their oxygen & glucose suppy
Ischemia
90
Most effective lab methods used to min. damage caused by strokes
cool the brain
91
decreased activity of surviving neurons after damage to other neurons
diaschisis
92
``` What is the process called when a primitive neuron begins to develop dendrites and an axon? Myelination Migration Differentiation proliferation ```
Differentiation
93
Which of the following would most likely interfere with migration of neurons during development? a. altering the chemical paths b. damaging dendrites c. loss of myelin d. increased differentiation
altering the chemical paths
94
Why is it that all neurons in a healthy adult brain have made appropriate connections?
If an axon does not make the appropriate connections by a certain age, it dies.
95
The function of neurotrophins is to:
promote survival of axons.
96
What brain abnormalities are found in children with fetal alcohol syndrome?
short dendrites with few branches
97
After damage to a set of axons, neurotrophins induce nearby:
uninjured axons to form new branches.
98
Ischemia and hemorrhage kill neurons by:
overstimulating them.
99
Suppose a finger is amputated. The part of the cerebral cortex that used to respond to that finger will:
become responsive to other fingers or part of the palm.
100
One way to relieve the pain associated with a phantom limb is to:
have the amputee learn to use an artificial limb.

Biological Psy. (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions