Chapter 14 Flashcards by Sarah Borja

Lateralization

Division of labor between 2 hemispheres

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connected to skin receptors and muscles mainly on right side of body

left hemisphere of cerebral cortex

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specialized for language

left hemisphere

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each hemisphere gets info from both ears, but slightly stronger info from contralateral ear than from ipsilateral ear

auditory info

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each hemisphere gets taste info from its own side of the tongue and smell info from the nostril on its own side (ipsilateral connections)

taste & smell are uncrossed

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set of axons thru which left & right hemispheres exchange info

corpus callosum

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2 hemispheres aren’t mirror aren’t mirror images of each other

labor is divided to some extent

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what is visible at any moment

visual field

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left half of each reina connects to left hemisphere

sees right visual field

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right half of each retina connects to right hemisphere

sees left visual field

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junction in brain where these axons cross

optic chiasm

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auditory system; each ear sends info to both sides of brain

organized differently

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damage to corpus callosum

prevents the 2 hemispheres from exchanging info

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block sodium flow across the membrane or enhance effects of GABA

antiepileptic drugs

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ppl who have undergone surgery to corpus callosum

split-brain ppl

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Roger Sperry’s studies

split-brain person stares straight ahead at screen- experimenter flashes words or pics on either side of the screen

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revealed subtle behavioral differences for split brain ppl; b/c the left side of the brain is dominant for language in most ppl…

roger sperry

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show split brain person object in left visual field

usually can’t name or describe it

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advantage in having just one hemisphere control speech?

yes; some ppl have languages in both hemispheres- they end up stuttering thou; only one hemisphere means no competition

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prevents it from interfering w/right hemisphere

damage to left hemisphere

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ppl w/damage in parts of right hemisphere

speak in monotone voice; don’t understand other ppl’s emotional expression; usually fail to understand humor and sarcasm

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dominant for recognizing emotions in others

right hemisphere

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better at comprehending spatial relationships

right hemisphere

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focus more on visual details

left hemisphere

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right hemisphere does better than the left at recognizing whether two photographs show same or different emotions

split-brain person

larger in the left hemisphere for 65% of ppl

planum temporale

connects anterior parts of cerebral cortex

anterior commissure

connects left & right hippocampi

hippocampal commissure

the ability to produce new signals to represent new ideas

productivity

major spokesperson for psy; psy linguist by nature

Steven Pinker

Language is crown jewel of cognition

Steven Pinker

Is the use of symbols really language?

Chimps seldom used language in new, original combinations;Chimps used their symbols mainly to request, seldom to describe; Did show indications of at least moderate understanding

Irene Pepperberg and Alex

(African Gray Parrot)- 1st to argue that parrots can use sounds meaningfully

Simplest View:

language developed as accidental by-product of intelligence

• First problem with this view:

Not all people with full-sized sized brains have normal language

second problem

Williams syndrome

caused by deletion of several genes from chromosome 7

williams syndrome

- Many people with syndrome speak grammatically and fluently | - Are poor at tasks related to numbers, visuospatial skills, and spatial perception

Proposed that humans have a language acquisition device

chomsky and pinker

most researchers agree-

humans have specially evolved something that enables them to learn language easily

Language impairment

aphasia

Tan was the name of this patient b/c it was the only word he would/could say

Paul Broca

damage limited to broca's area

produces only minor or brief language impairment

brain damage that results in impaired language production (regardless of exact location of damage)

Broca’s aphasia (nonfluent aphasia)

Found that damage in part of the left temporal cortex produced a different kind of langugage impairment

carl wenicke

results from damage in and around wernicke's area

wernicke's aphasia

aka fluent aphasia

wernicke's aphasia

b/c the person can still speak smoothly

fluent aphasia

typical characteristics of wernicke's aphasia

articulate speech; difficulty finding the right word; poor language comprehension

difficulty recalling the names of objects

anomia

- Specific impairment in reading in someone with adequate vision and adequate skills in other academic areas

dyslexia

linked to at least 4 genes that produce deficits in hearing or cogniton

dyslexia

have trouble sounding out words and try to remember each word as a whole

dysphonetic dyslexics

sound out words ok, but fail to recognize a word as a whole;

dyseidetic dyslexics

read slowly and have particular trouble w/irregularly spelled words

dyseidetic dyslexics

a brief visual stimulus preceded and followed by longer interfering stimuli

masking

just the later stimulus is presented

Backward masking

being conscious of a stimulus depends on the amount of brain activity – its information has taken over more of your brain’s activity

Implication

slow and gradual shifts in perception from one eye to the other

binocular rivalry

if you see a dot in one position, alternating with a similar dot nearby, it will seem to you that the dot is moving back and forth

the Phi Phenomenon

closely aligned w/consciousness

attention

If you observe a complex scene, and something in it changes slowly, or changes while you blink your eyes, there is a good chance you will not notice it

inattentional blindness

inattentional blindness aka....

change blindness

reaction to a stimulus

bottom up attention

Ex: a deer runs past you in the park, grabbing your attention

bottom up attention

intentional and controlled

top down attention

ex: stroop effect

top down attention

the finding that the ability to name an ink color in which a word is printed is inhibited if that word happens to name a conflicting color

stroop effect

a tendency for many people with damage to parts of the right hemisphere to ignore the left side of the body or the left side of objects

spatial neglect

often associated w/damage to the right hemisphere of the brain

spatial neglect

spatial neglect aka...

inattention

main problem w/neglect

is attention, not impaired sensation

Several procedures can increase attention to the neglected side

Simply tell person to pay attention to the neglected stimulus. Have person look left while feeling an object with the left hand or hearing a sound from the left side of the world. Have person cross one hand over the other in front of the body

Chapter 14 Flashcards

(73 cards)